Characterization of CdTe detector for use in PET

Ariño, G; Chmeissani, M.; Puigdengoles, C.; Lorenzo, G. De; Diener, Ralf; Arce, P.; Cabruja, E.; Calderon, Yonatan; Canadas, M.; Kolstein, M.; Macias-Montero, Jose Gabriel; Martı́nez, Ricardo; Mikhaylova, Ekaterina; Ozsahin, Ilker; Uzun, D.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2011.6154742

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The module hosts 4 CdTe detectors with 10 mm × 20 mm size and 2 mm thickness. The 2000 V high voltage (HV) is applied such that the electric field is perpendicular to the surface with resulting 1000 V/mm bias and an expected energy resolution of 1.6% for 511 keV photons at room temperature [8]. Each of the CdTe detectors is electronically pixelated into 200 voxels of 1 × 1 × 2 mm 3 pitch, for an accurate photon impact point measurement, and bonded to a thinned read-out channel (ROC) and then mounted on a kapton printed circuit board (PCB).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1(c) and therefore it is parallel to the magnetic field trueB→ of a possible magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. It was shown in [8] that in such a configuration, with E→×B→=0, the response of the solid-state detector is not affected by the strength of the magnetic field and the VIP design can be in principle a potential candidate for developing simultaneous MR-PET imaging systems. However, the impact of radio frequency (RF) on the VIP system, as well as the influence of the VIP scanner itself with the accompanying electronics to the signal-to-noise ratio of an MR image, have not been assessed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Mikhaylova

Lorenzo

Chmeissani

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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The aim of this work is the evaluation of the design for a nonconventional PET scanner, the voxel imaging PET (VIP), based on pixelated room-temperature CdTe detectors yielding a true 3-D impact point with a density of 450 channels/cm(3), for a total 6 336 000 channels in a seamless ring shaped volume. The system is simulated and evaluated following the prescriptions of the NEMA NU 2-2001 and the NEMA NU 4-2008 standards. Results show that the excellent energy resolution of the CdTe detectors (1.6% for 511 keV photons), together with the small voxel pitch (1 × 1 × 2 mm(3)), and the crack-free ring geometry, give the design the potential to overcome the current limitations of PET scanners and to approach the intrinsic image resolution limits set by physics. The VIP is expected to reach a competitive sensitivity and a superior signal purity with respect to values commonly quoted for state-of-the-art scintillating crystal PETs. The system can provide 14 cps/kBq with a scatter fraction of 3.95% and 21 cps/kBq with a scatter fraction of 0.73% according to NEMA NU 2-2001 and NEMA NU 4-2008, respectively. The calculated NEC curve has a peak value of 122 kcps at 5.3 kBq/mL for NEMA NU 2-2001 and 908 kcps at 1.6 MBq/mL for NEMA NU 4-2008. The proposed scanner can achieve an image resolution of ~ 1 mm full-width at half-maximum in all directions. The virtually noise-free data sample leads to direct positive impact on the quality of the reconstructed images. As a consequence, high-quality high-resolution images can be obtained with significantly lower number of events compared to conventional scanners. Overall, simulation results suggest the VIP scanner can be operated either at normal dose for fast scanning and high patient throughput, or at low dose to decrease the patient radioactivity exposure. The design evaluation presented in this work is driving the development and the optimization of a fully operative prototype to prove the feasibility of the VIP concept.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Mikhaylova

Lorenzo

Chmeissani

et al. 2014

IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging

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“…The energy acceptance window of the proposed PET scanner is set to 511 keV ±6 keV based on an energy resolution of 1% FWHM at 511 keV of the pixelated detector [8]. According to this, an energy resolution of the electronics of 0.1% RMS for full range is required.…”

Section: Voxel Imaging Pet Pathfinder Project (Vip)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward VIP-PIX: A Low Noise Readout ASIC for Pixelated CdTe Gamma-Ray Detectors for Use in the Next Generation of PET Scanners

Macias-Montero

Sarraj

Chmeissani

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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VIP-PIX will be a low noise and low power pixel readout electronics with digital output for pixelated Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) detectors. The proposed pixel will be part of a 2D pixel-array detector for various types of nuclear medicine imaging devices such as positron-emission tomography (PET) scanners, Compton gamma cameras, and positron-emission mammography (PEM) scanners. Each pixel will include a SAR ADC that provides the energy deposited with 10-bit resolution. Simultaneously, the self-triggered pixel which will be connected to a global time-to-digital converter (TDC) with 1 ns resolution will provide the event's time stamp. The analog part of the readout chain and the ADC have been fabricated with TSMC 0.25 m mixed-signal CMOS technology and characterized with an external test pulse. The power consumption of these parts is 200W from a 2.5 V supply. It offers 4 switchable gains from ±10 mV/fC to ±40 mV/fC and an input charge dynamic range of up to ±70 fC for the minimum gain for both polarities. Based on noise measurements, the expected equivalent noise charge (ENC) is 65 e RMS at room temperature.

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“…To counteract the geometry resolution due to the finite size of the detector voxels, the hit positions are varied uniformly in the range of the voxel-size (±0.5 mm or ±1 mm). In the case of the Compton camera, to recover from the energy resolution , an additional smearing of the measured energy deposition in the scatter detector is introduced with a factor of 1.7% at 511 keV [12]. Additionally, a smearing of 0.25% is applied to the Compton angle to counteract the Doppler broadening effect.…”

Section: Image Reconstruction Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Origin Ensemble algorithm for image reconstruction for pixelated solid-state detectors with large number of channels

et al. 2013

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The Voxel Imaging PET (VIP) Pathfinder project intends to show the advantages of using pixelated solid-state technology for nuclear medicine applications. It proposes designs for Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) and Compton gamma camera detectors with a large number of signal channels (of the order of 10). For PET scanners, conventional algorithms like Filtered Back-Projection (FBP) and Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM) are straightforward to use and give good results. However, FBP presents difficulties for detectors with limited angular coverage like PEM and Compton gamma cameras, whereas OSEM has an impractically large time and memory consumption for a Compton gamma camera with a large number of channels. In this article, the Origin Ensemble (OE) algorithm is evaluated as an alternative algorithm for image reconstruction. Monte Carlo simulations of the PET design are used to compare the performance of OE, FBP and OSEM in terms of the bias, variance and average mean squared error (MSE) image quality metrics. For the PEM and Compton camera designs, results obtained with OE are presented.

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Characterization of CdTe detector for use in PET

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Simulation of the Expected Performance of a Seamless Scanner for Brain PET Based on Highly Pixelated CdTe Detectors

Toward VIP-PIX: A Low Noise Readout ASIC for Pixelated CdTe Gamma-Ray Detectors for Use in the Next Generation of PET Scanners

Evaluation of Origin Ensemble algorithm for image reconstruction for pixelated solid-state detectors with large number of channels

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