Characterization of Blue Pigments Used in Automotive Paints by Raman Spectroscopy

Ziȩba‐Palus, Janina; Michalska, Aleksandra

doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12499

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Moreover, the vibrational bands due to bare alkyd components are not present in the spectrum of graphene paint coatings which can be explained as follows: Upon laser irradiation, the strong vibrations arised from graphene in the paint coating engulfs the weaker vibrations arised from the lipids and fatty acids components of alkyd resin, thus resulting in the presence of bands only due to graphene in the Raman spectra of paint coatings. This observation is in close agreement with the previous findings on the Raman spectrum of nanopaints using TiO 2 pigments ,. In comparison with the G band of graphene (1581 cm −1 ), the G band of the graphene paint coatings is blue shifted and moved towards a higher wavenumber (1589 cm −1 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Mechanochemical Reinforcement of Graphene Sheets into Alkyd Resin Matrix for the Development of Electrically Conductive Paints

et al. 2018

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In this work, we are reporting the preparation of graphene‐based conductive paints using mechanochemically prepared graphene nanosheets as a conductive pigment and alkyd resin as the binder with non‐toxic additives. The surface morphology and intermolecular interactions between the graphene pigments and alkyd resin in the prepared graphene nanopaint are studied using field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The formation of percolation pathways owing to the interconnected graphene sheets in the paint matrix resulted in an excellent conductive behavior of the as‐prepared graphene paint, thus ensuring its applications in conductive paint technology. Furthermore, Raman mapping analysis (including intensity maps and peak position maps) was used to understand the spatial distribution of graphene sheets in the alkyd resin matrix of the paint.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Mechanochemical Reinforcement of Graphene Sheets into Alkyd Resin Matrix for the Development of Electrically Conductive Paints

et al. 2018

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“…[11] Raman spectroscopy has been used to identify pigments in a variety of disciplines including art, [12] archaeology, [13][14][15] and forensics, [16][17][18][19] but research on tattoo pigment identification is limited. Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate black tattoos on a 1000-year-old mummy [20] and for detection of components, including aromatic amines, in red tattoo inks and skin biopsies following reported allergic reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of tattoo pigments by Raman spectroscopy

Yakes

Michael

Pérez-González

et al. 2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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As a result of the increase in the practice of tattooing, the US Food and Drug Administration has identified a need for improved analytical methods to detect the pigments and potential impurities in the inks. Raman spectroscopy allows for nondestructive identification of compounds and is commonly used in art, archaeology, and forensics; however, the technique has only limitedly been applied to the identification of tattoo pigments. In this study, approximately 30 inorganic, organometallic, and organic pigments were evaluated with Raman spectroscopy by using 532, 633, and 780-nm lasers. Individual optimization of the instrumental parameters was performed for each pigment in order to enhance spectral quality. This research highlights the need for multiple laser interrogation, as the spectra of some pigments were difficult to obtain by using a particular wavelength due to interferences from absorption or fluorescence. However, by using these multiple wavelengths, all pigments could be identified by their unique spectral features. A spectral library of the pigments was created for each laser wavelength and then challenged with pigments from multiple manufacturers. All pigments were identified correctly, and the method is poised to be an effective, noninvasive means for qualitatively identifying tattoo pigments. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; Tattoo inks; Pigments; Spectral library IntroductionTattoos are formed when ink containing insoluble pigments dispersed in an aqueous medium, often containing alcohol, glycerine, and/or witch hazel, is injected between the dermis and epidermis of the skin. Tattooing has been performed since ancient times and is currently used as an art form, as permanent makeup, and in medical applications.[1] Worldwide, an estimated 120 million people have tattoos [2] with approximately 12% of Europeans [3] and 24% of surveyed US citizens having a tattoo.[4]Regulation of the practice of tattooing and tattoo inks varies worldwide. In the United States, the pigments used in tattoo inks are considered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be colour additives [5,6] and must be listed in the Code of Federal Regulations. [7] Currently, no colour additives have been approved by the FDA for use in injections such as tattooing. The practice of tattooing in the United States is regulated by state and local jurisdictions with adverse events monitored by the FDA.[1] While reported adverse events have generally involved microbial contamination, [8] such as the August 2015 recall of grey inks with Mycobacterium, [9] awareness of knowledge gaps on tattoo ink components and long-term risks is growing.[3] One concern is the overlap in tattoo pigments that are also used in the printing, plastics, coatings, textiles, and paint industries.[1] The Council of Europe 2008 Report proposed labelling requirements, chemicals that should not be used due to potential toxicity, and maximum allowed concentrations of impurities...

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“…[12] Distribution of pigments in paint layers with the use of a mapping technique was also presented. [13] So far, the discrimination abilities of the Raman technique based on different pigment content were shown for a group of green, [14] blue [15] and red automotive topcoats. [16] Usefulness of the method in discrimination of paint carried out in real cases was also shown in a few examples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a likelihood ratio approach in solving a comparison problem of Raman spectra recorded for blue automotive paints

Michalska

Martyna

Ziȩba‐Palus

et al. 2015

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Evidential values of Raman spectra recorded for solid and metallic blue car paints were evaluated using visual comparison as well as a statistical approach, i.e. likelihood ratio (LR) test supported by Empirical Cross Entropy (ECE) results. Raman spectra were obtained using a Renishaw inVia spectrometer equipped with a confocal Leica microscope and a near infrared semiconductor laser (785 nm) as an excitation source.When a visual comparison was performed for solid paints, in 17.7% of comparisons (53 pairs out of 300) the samples were indistinguishable, whereas for metallic paints this value was 8.5% of such comparisons (37 pairs out of 435). Comparing the spectra using an LR approach was based on variables being the areas under the most significant Raman spectra bands of pigments present in the analysed samples. Proposed LR models delivered low false positive and false negative rates (for many models lower than 10%), and the ECE plots confirmed that their performance was much better than visual comparison.

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Characterization of Blue Pigments Used in Automotive Paints by Raman Spectroscopy

Cited by 25 publications

References 21 publications

Mechanochemical Reinforcement of Graphene Sheets into Alkyd Resin Matrix for the Development of Electrically Conductive Paints

Mechanochemical Reinforcement of Graphene Sheets into Alkyd Resin Matrix for the Development of Electrically Conductive Paints

Investigation of tattoo pigments by Raman spectroscopy

Application of a likelihood ratio approach in solving a comparison problem of Raman spectra recorded for blue automotive paints

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