Characterization of beta‐lactamase and biofilm producingEnterobacteriaceaeisolated from organized and backyard farm ducks

Abstract

This study was undertaken to detect the occurrence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy ducks. A total 202 cloacal swabs were collected from ducks kept in organized (n = 92) and backyard (n = 110) farms in West Bengal (India). The ducks had no history of antibiotic intake. Among the 87 phenotypically beta‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli, 19 (17·43%), 6 (5·05%) and 15 (13·76%) isolates possessed blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX‐M respectively. Whereas, 5 (38·46%) Salmonella isolates were found to harbour blaCTX‐M. In K. pneumoniae 10 (33·33%), 3 (13·33%), 4 (13·33%) isolates possessed blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX‐M respectively. The sequences of selected PCR products were found 98% cognate with blaCTX‐M‐9, blaSHV‐12 and blaTEM‐1. Beta‐lactamase producing E. coli isolates belonged to 14 different serogroups such as O1, O2, O3, O5, O7, O8, O35, O83, O84, O88, O119, O128, O145 and O157. Moreover, 87 E. coli (79·82%), six Samonella (46·15%) and 13 K. pneumoniae (43·33%) isolates were detected as AmpC producers possessing blaAmpC. Majority of E. coli (46·79%), Salmonella (46·15%) and K. pneumoniae (70%) isolates were detected as biofilm producers and possessed the associated genes (csgA, sdiA, rcsA, rpoS). Significantly higher occurrence of beta‐lactamase and biofilm producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates was detected in backyard ducks than organized farms. Significance and Impact of the Study Consumption of antibiotic through feed or during therapy is considered as potential reason for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in birds. This study provides valuable evidence that exposure to contaminated environment may be an additional source for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in backyard ducks. The backyard ducks are reared by marginal farmers in India who cannot offer antibiotics to them either through feed or during therapy due to high cost. The study also reveals a significant correlation between biofilm formation and possession of antimicrobial resistance genes in the bacterial isolates from the ducks.

Multi‐drug resistant, biofilm‐producing high‐risk clonal lineage of Klebsiella in companion and household animals

“…Occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella in household animals in absence of the direct exposure to the third-generation cephalosporins can be correlated with the exposure to the environmental resistance gene pool. Earlier studies in the same geographical location revealed that the water and soil may act as source of antimicrobial resistant bacteria to the backyard pigs and ducks (Samanta et al 2015;Banerjee et al 2019). The more detailed genetic analysis exhibited that bla CTX-M gene of E. coli isolated from dogs and cats possessed a unique flanking region originated from environmental gene pool due to exposure to the contaminated environment (Maeyama et al 2018).…”

“…In India, earlier studies revealed occurrence of AmpC in Klebsiella/E. coli strains isolated from poultry, cattle with mastitis, pig and farm environment, and ducks (Samanta et al 2018;Banerjee et al 2019).…”

“…2015; Banerjee et al . 2019). The more detailed genetic analysis exhibited that bla CTX‐M gene of E. coli isolated from dogs and cats possessed a unique flanking region originated from environmental gene pool due to exposure to the contaminated environment (Maeyama et al .…”

Antimicrobial Resistance: A Menace to Food Chain

“…The backyard ducks, reared by marginal farmers in India, cannot afford to use antibiotics in feed or during therapy owing to high cost. This study provided a valuable proof that exposure to contaminated environment might be an additional source for generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in backyard ducks [15]. To investigate the prevalence of ESBL/beta-lactamase producing E. coli in healthy pigs, 200 rectal swabs were collected from four organized and 10 backyard farms of W.B.…”

inPhocus: A Local Perspective on Phage-Based Biocontrol in Agriculture and Aquaculture in India

“…19 In the past few years, several reports on the high prevalence of drug-resistant Salmonella, Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus in animals, farms, poultry markets, dairy/dairy products, street foods, etc., in India and the Indian subcontinent have been published. 3,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] In addition to hygiene measures and vaccination, the use of phages as an antibiotic substitute to decrease the amount of Salmonella and Campylobacter entering the food chain is gaining traction across the world. A company in India (Proteon Pharmaceuticals) has made a commercially available lineup of three phage cocktails.…”