Characterization of Avian H3N3 and H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Pigs in Canada

Karasin, Alexander I.; West, Keith; Carman, Susy; Olsen, Christopher W.

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.9.4349-4354.2004

Cited by 126 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In other studies, most of the viral proteins have been shown to have some influence on host range. 16,58,77,97,104 …”

Section: Polymerases and Other Viral Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Janke

2013

Vet Pathol

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Influenza has been recognized as a respiratory disease in swine since its first appearance concurrent with the 1918 ''Spanish flu'' human pandemic. All influenza viruses of significance in swine are type A, subtype H1N1, H1N2, or H3N2 viruses. Influenza viruses infect epithelial cells lining the surface of the respiratory tract, inducing prominent necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis and variable interstitial pneumonia. Cell death is due to direct virus infection and to insult directed by leukocytes and cytokines of the innate immune system. The most virulent viruses consistently express the following characteristics of infection: (1) higher or more prolonged virus replication, (2) excessive cytokine induction, and (3) replication in the lower respiratory tract. Nearly all the viral proteins contribute to virulence. Pigs are susceptible to infection with both human and avian viruses, which often results in gene reassortment between these viruses and endemic swine viruses. The receptors on the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract are major determinants of infection by influenza viruses from other hosts. The polymerases, especially PB2, also influence cross-species infection. Methods of diagnosis and characterization of influenza viruses that infect swine have improved over the years, driven both by the availability of new technologies and by the necessity of keeping up with changes in the virus. Testing of oral fluids from pigs for virus and antibody is a recent development that allows efficient sampling of large numbers of animals.Keywords influenza virus, swine, pathogenesis, cytokines, apoptosis, virulence, cross-species infection, hemagglutinin, receptors, polymerases, diagnosisThe evolution and epidemiology of influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine have been integrally tied to the segmented nature of the genome of the virus, which facilitates gene reassortment, and to the adaptability of these genes through mutation, which sometimes facilitates replication in a new host. 8,19,77,85,89 Influenza was first recognized as a respiratory disease entity in swine during the 1918 human Spanish flu pandemic. 67 The virus was not isolated until 1931, when nasal discharge from pigs was inoculated into ferrets and subsequently into embryonated chicken eggs. 129 In 1933, a similar virus was recovered from humans with this technique. 131 The viruses were essentially identical and served as the prototype for type A subtype H1N1 influenza viruses.All influenza viruses of significance that infect swine are type A viruses, defined by the highly conserved internal nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. Influenza A virus subtypes are based on the external hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. The predominant viruses in swine populations in different parts of the world may have genes of different origin, even though the subtypes may be similar. 10,73,171 The original classic H1N1 swine influenza virus, which remained the predominant influenza virus in North American swine populations for nearl...

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“…In other studies, most of the viral proteins have been shown to have some influence on host range. 16,58,77,97,104 …”

Section: Polymerases and Other Viral Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Janke

2013

Vet Pathol

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“…8 The increasing antigenic diversity in influenza subtypes circulating in swineherds has generated concern among swine veterinarians regarding the ability to detect antibodies generated against the varied influenza viruses. 3,[5][6][7][8][9]14,24 In addition, characterization of antibody profiles provides important information on the ability of vaccines to stimulate a protective immune response against disease as genetically different viruses within and across subtypes continue to emerge and infect swine herds. The constant ongoing genetic changes in influenza viruses have reduced the ability of practitioners to accurately diagnose and develop effective vaccination strategies (Kitikoon P, Thacker BJ, Vandertop R, et al : 2002, The immune response to vaccination and challenge with H3N2 influenza virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Three Serological Assays to Determine the Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies from Eight Genetically Diverse U.S. Swine Influenza Viruses

2008

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Abstract. Swine influenza virus is an economically important pathogen to the U.S. swine industry. New influenza subtypes and isolates within subtypes with different genetic and antigenic makeup have recently emerged in U.S. swineherds. As a result of the emergence of these new viruses, diagnosticians' ability to accurately diagnose influenza infection in pigs and develop appropriate vaccine strategies has become increasingly difficult. The current study compares the ability of subtype-specific commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and serum neutralization (SN) assays to detect antibodies elicited by multiple isolates within different subtypes of influenza virus. Pigs were infected with genetically and antigenically different isolates of the 3 major circulating subtypes within populations of swine (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2). Serum was collected when all pigs within a group collectively reached HI reciprocal titers $160 against that group's homologous challenge virus. The antibody cross-reactivity of the sera between isolates was determined using ELISA, HI, and SN assays. In addition, the correlation between the 3 assays was determined. The assays differed in their ability to detect antibodies produced by the viruses used in the study. The results provide important information to diagnostic laboratories, veterinarians, and swine producers on the ability of 3 common serological assays used in identifying infection with influenza in pigs.

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“…LPAI viruses have been occasionally isolated from pigs in the field as shown in Table IV [17,23,24,26,40,43]. Though most of these viruses have an H1 or H3 HA, HA subtypes that are usually restricted to birds can also cross the species barrier to pigs.…”

Section: Swine As An Intermediate Host For the Transmission Of Avian mentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk

2007

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Characterization of Avian H3N3 and H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Pigs in Canada

Cited by 126 publications

References 65 publications

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Comparison of Three Serological Assays to Determine the Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies from Eight Genetically Diverse U.S. Swine Influenza Viruses

Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk

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