Characterization of avalanche photodiodes for calorimetry applications

Karar, A.; Musienko, Y.; Vanel, Jean-Charles

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(99)00177-1

Cited by 60 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These include large electromagnetic calorimeters for high-energy physics at CERN [1][2][3], inorganic and plastic scintillator g-ray spectrometers for nuclear physics [4], and PET scanners [5] for medicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-linear behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes

Fernandes

Lopes

Monteiro

et al. 2002

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The characterisation of photodiodes used as photosensors requires a determination of the number of electron-hole pairs produced by scintillation light. One method involves comparing signals produced by X-ray absorptions occurring directly in the avalanche photodiode with the light signals. When the light is derived from light-emitting diodes in the 400-600 nm range, significant non-linear behaviour is reported. In the present work, we extend the study of the linear behaviour to large-area avalanche photodiodes, of Advanced Photonix, used as photosensors of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) scintillation light produced by argon (128 nm) and xenon (173 nm). We observed greater non-linearities in the avalanche photodiodes for the VUV scintillation light than reported previously for visible light, but considerably less than the non-linearities observed in other commercially available avalanche photodiodes. r 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-linear behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes

Fernandes

Lopes

Monteiro

et al. 2002

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…The insensitivity of the APD response to magnetic fields in X-ray and visible-light detection is well documented [23,25,42]. In opposition to visible light and X-ray detection, where the APD response is insensitive to magnetic fields, VUV detection with APDs is sensitive to magnetic fields.…”

Section: Behaviour Under Intense Magnetic Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of VUV Light with Avalanche Photodiodes

Monteiro¹,

Fernandes²,

Santos³

2011

Photodiodes - Communications, Bio-Sensings, Measurements and High-Energy Physics

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“…If the device under consideration originates from a stable production chain at the manufacturer's site, as it is usually for APDs which have been in use for several applications, a complete set of characterization procedures may be carried out only for limited samples of devices. These may include the evaluation of the quantum efficiency, of the excess noise factor, of the c a p a c i t a n c e , d a r k c u r r e n t a n d g a i n u n i f o r m i t y o v e r t h e A P D s u r f a c e , a s w e l l a s t h e temperature dependence of the gain curve in a wide range of temperatures (Karar, 1999). Massive tests, to be carried out on each individual APD, at least require the measurement of the gain-bias voltage curve at one or more temperatures, close to the operational one, and (possibly) the measurement of the dark current at different gain values.…”

Section: Characterization Of Avalanche Photodiodes For Large Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Avalanche Photodiodes in High Energy Electromagnetic Calorimetry

Riggi¹

2011

Advances in Photodiodes

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IntroductionAvalanche Photodiodes (APD) are now widely used for the detection of weak optical signals. They find applications in a large number of fields of science and technology, from physics to medicine and environmental sciences. The request for sensitive detectors, capable to respond to weak radiations emitted from scintillation materials, has produced over the last decades an increasing number of studies on avalanche photodiodes and their applications as photo-sensors in particle detection. The first APD prototypes were developed more than 40 years ago. The initial size of such devices was however very small (below 1 mm 2 ) and their spectral response confined to the near-infrared region. As a result, although available since several years, they did not receive much attention, also because of their initial high cost and low gain. However, large progresses have been made since then, and it has been possible to design and produce, at a reasonable cost, devices which have now a much larger area (tens of squared millimetres), with a high spectral sensitivity in the blue and near ultra-violet wavelength region. For such reasons, avalanche photodiodes are now widely used as sensitive light detectors in the construction of particle detectors in high energy physics. One of such examples is the impulse received by the design and construction of large scale electromagnetic calorimeters for the high energy experiments currently running in the world largest Laboratories. At present, APDs exhibit excellent quantum efficiency, with values around 80% in the near ultra-violet range, dropping to about 40% in the blue region, which is to be compared to typical values of 5-8 % in the blue for standard photomultipliers. Additional advantages which make them preferable over photomultipliers are discussed more specifically in the Chapter.The overall set of problems and solutions related to the use of Avalanche Photodiodes in the design, construction, test and operation of large electromagnetic calorimeters in nuclear and particle physics experiments, is described in this Chapter, as observed within a Collaboration at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Section 2 briefly recalls the principles on which electromagnetic calorimetry for particle physics experiments is based. Relative merits of Avalanche Photodiodes in comparison to traditional devices, mostly photomultipliers, are discussed in Sect.3, in connection with the light collection from scintillation detectors and the readout and front-end electronics. A review of the large detectors which have employed in the recent past or are currently employing such devices as photo-sensors is given in Section 4. Sect.5 describes the overall set of procedures carried out to characterize a large

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Characterization of avalanche photodiodes for calorimetry applications

Cited by 60 publications

References 9 publications

Non-linear behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes

Non-linear behaviour of large-area avalanche photodiodes

Detection of VUV Light with Avalanche Photodiodes

The Use of Avalanche Photodiodes in High Energy Electromagnetic Calorimetry

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