Characterization of an erythrocytic virus in the family Iridoviridae from a peninsula ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus sackenii)

Wellehan, James F.X.; Strik, Nicole I.; Stacy, Brian A.; Childress, April L.; Jacobson, Elliott R.; Telford, Sam R.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.03.003

Cited by 29 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This contig was selected for analysis due to the conserved nature of the polymerase gene and the greater availability of both complete and partial polymerase sequences from other fish and erythrocytic iridoviruses. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of the putative DNA polymerase gene supported inclusion of ENV in a proposed sixth genus of the family Iridoviridae, which contains three other erythrocytic viruses, Thamnophis sauritus erythrocytic virus (EV), Lacerta monticola EV, and Pogona vitticeps EV from ectothermic snake, lizard, and bearded dragon hosts respectively (Wellehan et al, 2008;Alves de Matos et al, 2011;Grosset et al, 2014). Our phylogenetic assessment and those from the three previous studies strongly supported segregation of these erythrocytic viruses into a separate clade.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Additionally, if the PCR assays can amplify sequences of similar erythrocytic iridoviruses, the generated sequence data could aid in determining the extent of diversity of these erythrocytic viruses in other host species and geographic regions, and ultimately provide greater phylogenetic resolution. ENV appears to belong to a unique genus in the family Iridoviridae that includes other related erythrocytic viruses of ectothermic hosts (Wellehan et al, 2008;Alves de Matos et al, 2011;Grosset et al, 2014). Until now only iridoviruses from the Ranavirus genus have been reported to infect cold-blooded vertebrates from three taxa (Chinchar et al, 2011;Chinchar and Waltzek, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular identification of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) from the blood of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)

Emmenegger

Glenn

Winton

et al. 2014

Veterinary Microbiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular identification of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) from the blood of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)

Emmenegger

Glenn

Winton

et al. 2014

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…44 Consensus PCR amplification for a partial sequence of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene of large DNA viruses was performed using previously described methods. 6,11,44 In addition, PCR was performed with consensus primers for the genus Ranavirus 25 and consensus primers for Rickettsiales groESL. 29 An additional PCR was performed with remaining heparinized blood from lizard no.…”

Section: Polymerase Chain Reaction and Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reptile erythrocytic iridoviruses (EIVs), historically misidentified as the protozoans Pirhemocyton, Toddia, and possibly Cytamoeba, have been previously reported in squamates within the families Gekkonidae, Phyllodactylidae, Scincidae, Cordylidae, Lacertidae, 34 Pythonidae, Colubridae, 6,44 Viperidae, Varanidae, Iguanidae, Phrynosomatidae, Agamidae, and Chamaeleonidae. 37 Within the family Agamidae, EIVs have been found in the Bibron's agama (Agama impalearis) 2 and the common agama (A. agama).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraerythrocytic iridovirus in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Three adult central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) originating from a commercial breeding facility presented with clinical signs, including anorexia, dehydration, white multifocal lesions on the dorsal aspect of the tongue, blepharospasm, and weight loss. In 1 of 3 lizards, a marked regenerative anemia was noted, and all 3 bearded dragons had erythrocytic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Nine bearded dragons housed in contact also had identical, but fewer intraerythrocytic inclusions. Inclusion bodies examined by electron microscopy had particles consistent with iridoviruses. Attempts to culture the virus were unsuccessful; however, amplification and sequencing of regions of the viral DNA polymerase by polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of an iridovirus. One of the bearded dragons died, while the 2 others showing clinical signs were euthanized. The remaining 9 infected bearded dragons of the teaching colony were also euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a moderate, multifocal, lymphoplasmacytic or mononuclear adenitis of the tongue in the 3 bearded dragons, and a lymphohistiocytic hepatitis with bacterial granulomas in 2 lizards.

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“…The infection could possibly contribute to anaemia in the host although the clinical significance is not clear. Recently, Wellehan et al characterised an erythrocytic iridovirus by means of molecular techniques and found that it falls in a group all of its own within the Iridoviridae and may represent a new genus [97]. …”

Section: Reptilian Viruses Described By Virus Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in reptiles

Ariel

2011

Vet Res

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The etiology of reptilian viral diseases can be attributed to a wide range of viruses occurring across different genera and families. Thirty to forty years ago, studies of viruses in reptiles focused mainly on the zoonotic potential of arboviruses in reptiles and much effort went into surveys and challenge trials of a range of reptiles with eastern and western equine encephalitis as well as Japanese encephalitis viruses. In the past decade, outbreaks of infection with West Nile virus in human populations and in farmed alligators in the USA has seen the research emphasis placed on the issue of reptiles, particularly crocodiles and alligators, being susceptible to, and reservoirs for, this serious zoonotic disease. Although there are many recognised reptilian viruses, the evidence for those being primary pathogens is relatively limited. Transmission studies establishing pathogenicity and cofactors are likewise scarce, possibly due to the relatively low commercial importance of reptiles, difficulties with the availability of animals and permits for statistically sound experiments, difficulties with housing of reptiles in an experimental setting or the inability to propagate some viruses in cell culture to sufficient titres for transmission studies. Viruses as causes of direct loss of threatened species, such as the chelonid fibropapilloma associated herpesvirus and ranaviruses in farmed and wild tortoises and turtles, have re-focused attention back to the characterisation of the viruses as well as diagnosis and pathogenesis in the host itself.1. Introduction2. Methods for working with reptilian viruses3. Reptilian viruses described by virus families3.1. Herpesviridae3.2. Iridoviridae3.2.1 Ranavirus3.2.2 Erythrocytic virus3.2.3 Iridovirus3.3. Poxviridae3.4. Adenoviridae3.5. Papillomaviridae3.6. Parvoviridae3.7. Reoviridae3.8. Retroviridae and inclusion body disease of Boid snakes3.9. Arboviruses3.9.1. Flaviviridae3.9.2. Togaviridae3.10. Caliciviridae3.11. Picornaviridae3.12. Paramyxoviridae4. Summary5. Acknowledgements6. Competing interests7. References

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Characterization of an erythrocytic virus in the family Iridoviridae from a peninsula ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus sackenii)

Cited by 29 publications

References 31 publications

Molecular identification of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) from the blood of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)

Molecular identification of erythrocytic necrosis virus (ENV) from the blood of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii)

Intraerythrocytic iridovirus in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

Viruses in reptiles

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