Characterization of ammonia gas release from concrete added with ammoniated fly ash

Shou, Lin; Hayes, Joshua B.; Cheng, Weizhi; Wu, Chang‐Yu; Townsend, Timothy G.; Vinson, Tim; Schert, John

doi:10.1007/s11869-014-0251-1

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Additionally, mathematical models have been developed to demonstrate the evaporation of liquids from porous media 27,28 . There have been a limited number of studies that investigated the evaporation of ammonia from porous media, although these studies typically involve the release of ammonia from aggregate within the concrete as it cures and not concerning anhydrous ammonia that has been introduced after curing the concrete 29,30 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27,28 There have been a limited number of studies that investigated the evaporation of ammonia from porous media, although these studies typically involve the release of ammonia from aggregate within the concrete as it cures and not concerning anhydrous ammonia that has been introduced after curing the concrete. 29,30 Refrigerated liquid spills, such as occurring after the rupture of an anhydrous ammonia tank or pipeline, can occur in two phases-vapor or liquid. Because the boiling point of ammonia is À33 C, liquefied ammonia requires refrigeration, pressurization, or a combination of both (e.g., terminal storage tanks are refrigerated to a point of 1 psi overpressure).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaporation of anhydrous ammonia from small concrete coupons and implications regarding evaporation from a large accidental spill on concrete

Languirand,

Phung,

Hanna

et al. 2023

Process Safety Progress

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Anhydrous ammonia is transported via ship, rail, and road everyday in the United States as a refrigerated liquid at ambient pressure. As a result, unintential release of a large amount of anhydrous ammonia could result from an accident during transportation. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the evaporation of anhydrous ammonia from porous media. In our investigation, laboratory‐scale concrete coupons were used as a surrogate for a larger concrete pad that could be present in an event involving an unintentional release of liquid anhydrous ammonia. Concrete coupons sized 5 cm × 5 cm × 1.9 cm were saturated in liquid anhydrous ammonia, and measurements of the subsequent evaporation from the coupons were made in an environmental chamber. The ambient air temperature within the chamber varied from 5 to 45°C, and the relative humidity varied from 5% to 75%. Mass‐difference calculation and Berthelot's reaction were used to determine the average evaporation rate from a concrete coupon across all trials, which was found to be 6.5 ± 1.9 mg/s. To validate these evaporation rates, the remaining ammonia in the concrete coupon was measured for each trial. We found that the time‐integrated calculated evaporation rates correlated well with the total mass of ammonia that was lost from the coupons. In addition, it was found that ambient air temperature and relative humidity had little influence on anhydrous ammonia evaporation from the concrete coupons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporation of anhydrous ammonia from small concrete coupons and implications regarding evaporation from a large accidental spill on concrete

Languirand,

Phung,

Hanna

et al. 2023

Process Safety Progress

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“…As a result, the problem of the utilization of denitrified fly ash is becoming more and more common in concrete. A large number of studies have shown that NH 4 HSO 4 is a by-product of denitrified fly ash [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Cement Paste with Denitrified Fly Ash Containing NH4HSO4

Wang

Qin

et al. 2022

Materials

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The denitrification process was completed in coal-fired power plants, resulting in the fly ash containing NH4HSO4. When this kind of fly ash with ammonia was applied to cement and concrete, there could be phenomena such as a retarded setting time, decreased compressive strength, and volume expansion. This paper mainly investigated the influence of fly ash containing NH4HSO4 on the properties of fly ash cement paste, and pastes with NaHSO4 were set as the control samples. The research on Na+ in cement hydration was studied. The influence of NH4HSO4 content in fly ash on the properties of fly ash cement paste was also investigated. It was found that NH4+ could greatly affect the properties of fly ash cement paste, such as significantly reducing the fluidity, prolonging the setting time, decreasing the compressive strength, increasing the drying shrinkage, decreasing the total heat released during the hydration, and affecting the content of calcium hydroxide hydrate. Increasing the ammonia content of the denitrified fly ash would reduce fluidity, retard its setting time, increase the porosity of the cement stone, and increase the number of pores with large sizes in the fly ash cement paste. The increase of porosity and pores with large sizes in cement decreases the compressive strength and increases the drying shrinkage of the fly ash cement paste.

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“…[30] investigated the emissions of ammonia from concrete containing urea-based antifreeze admixtures showing that this agent might be also a source of ammonia emissions. Shou et al [31] measured the emissions of ammonia from concrete containing fly ash from the denitrification process. The level of ammonia content in air ranged from 65 to 3200 mg NH 4 + /kg fly ash where 80% of the emissions occurred during the first 8 h. The gas release was observed to last up to three weeks and after that the emissions reached a negligible level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fly Ash with Ammonia: Properties and Emission of Ammonia from Cement Composites

2021

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The article presents the results of tests performed on fly ash with a high content of ammonium (up to 400 ppm) from the NOx reduction process. The main properties of fly ash were tested according to EN 450-1 and the results were compared with fly ash without ammonium. The comparison showed that fly ash with high concentration of ammonium suits the requirements of the European standard. Although the requirements do not limit the ammonium content, using such material as an additive for cement composites causes the emission of gaseous ammonium during mixing and from the final product. For this reason, the emission of ammonium from mortars containing fly ash were tested. The results have shown that using high ammonium fly ash might pollute indoor air and affect the health of users.

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Characterization of ammonia gas release from concrete added with ammoniated fly ash

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Evaporation of anhydrous ammonia from small concrete coupons and implications regarding evaporation from a large accidental spill on concrete

Evaporation of anhydrous ammonia from small concrete coupons and implications regarding evaporation from a large accidental spill on concrete

Performance of Cement Paste with Denitrified Fly Ash Containing NH4HSO4

Fly Ash with Ammonia: Properties and Emission of Ammonia from Cement Composites

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