Characterization of active and pH-sensitive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films containing essential oils and anthocyanin for food packaging application

Zabidi, Nurul 'Afifah; Nazri, Farhana; Tawakkal, Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin; Basri, Mohd Salahuddin Mohd; Basha, Roseliza Kadir; Othman, Siti Hajar

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.116

Cited by 42 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Recently, the incorporation of pH indicators in PLA-based composites has been investigated in the context of creating packaging capable of signifying changes in food freshness [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. For this application, both the PLA composite and the indicator must be food-safe, leading to the use of indicators derived from plants [ 42 , 44 ] or microorganisms [ 43 ]. Though biodegradation was a consideration in these studies, the effects of the indicators on the degradation of the PLA was not investigated [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this application, both the PLA composite and the indicator must be food-safe, leading to the use of indicators derived from plants [ 42 , 44 ] or microorganisms [ 43 ]. Though biodegradation was a consideration in these studies, the effects of the indicators on the degradation of the PLA was not investigated [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Additionally, there are currently no commercially available pH-indicating filaments for 3D printing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Filaments: Creating and Degrading pH-Indicating PLA Filaments for 3D Printing

et al. 2023

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With the rapid pace of advancements in additive manufacturing and techniques such as fused filament fabrication (FFF), the feedstocks used in these techniques should advance as well. While available filaments can be used to print highly customizable parts, the creation of the end part is often the only function of a given feedstock. In this study, novel FFF filaments with inherent environmental sensing functionalities were created by melt-blending poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and pH indicator powders (bromothymol blue, phenolphthalein, and thymol blue). The new PLA-PEG-indicator filaments were universally more crystalline than the PLA-only filaments (33–41% vs. 19% crystallinity), but changes in thermal stability and mechanical characteristics depended upon the indicator used; filaments containing bromothymol blue and thymol blue were more thermally stable, had higher tensile strength, and were less ductile than PLA-only filaments, while filaments containing phenolphthalein were less thermally stable, had lower tensile strength, and were more ductile. When the indicator-filled filaments were exposed to acidic, neutral, and basic solutions, all filaments functioned as effective pH sensors, though the bromothymol blue-containing filament was only successful as a base indicator. The biodegradability of the new filaments was evaluated by characterizing filament samples after aging in soil and soil slurry mixtures; the amount of physical deterioration and changes in filament crystallinity suggested that the bromothymol blue filament degraded faster than PLA-only filaments, while the phenolphthalein and thymol blue filaments saw decreases in degradation rates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Filaments: Creating and Degrading pH-Indicating PLA Filaments for 3D Printing

et al. 2023

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“…It is probably due to the high amount of cellulose in the LCS/PLA/PBAT film, which could be easily attacked and digested by microorganisms in the soil . A previous study reported that the presence of cellulose fibers could benefit the hydrolysis reaction and microbial decomposition of PLA . The SEM results showed that the degradation rate of cellulose fiber is much faster than that of PLA, and the complete degradation of pure PLA may take more than 1 year .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…78 A previous study reported that the presence of cellulose fibers could benefit the hydrolysis reaction and microbial decomposition of PLA. 79 The SEM results showed that the degradation rate of cellulose fiber is much faster than that of PLA, and the complete degradation of pure PLA may take more than 1 year. 80 In contrast, the broken holes began to appear after more than 10 months for the degradation of PBAT.…”

Section: Identification Of the Main Source Of Odor And Colormentioning

confidence: 98%

Biodegradable, Colorless, and Odorless PLA/PBAT Bioplastics Incorporated with Corn Stover

Zhu

Peng

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The effective use of agricultural lignocellulose resources in biodegradable bioplastics has become the focus of people's attention due to the inappropriate disposal of agricultural waste and plastic materials. However, the repulsive smell and uncontrollable color of agricultural lignocellulose-based materials limit their potential to replace common consumer plastics. In this study, when the corn stover (CS) meal enforced the PLA/PBAT matrix using the melt blending method, the lignin and hemicellulose components were shown to substantially impact the color darkening and unsavory odor release for the resultant bioplastic; therefore, an optimized scalable alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation that can be performed using traditional pulp and paper production lines was used to modify CS on a large scale (LCS) to enhance the properties of bioplastics fabricated with the PLA/PBAT matrix. As a result, the appearance color and odor character of the bioplastic enforced by LCS have been significantly improved compared to those of natural CS. In addition, the bioplastic (LCS/ PLA/PBAT) exhibited good tensile strength (9.7 MPa), flexural strength (18.1 MPa), elongation at break (61.8%), and surface hydrophobicity with a contact angle value of 91.6°, which could meet the requirement of the Chinese National Standard for Packaging. The reinforcing effect of LCS on these performances lay in its rigid structure with a strong fiber network, high content of cellulose crystalline, and hydrophobic nature of lignin after treatment, as proven by FTIR, XRD, and SEM results. Therefore, our bioplastics filled with treated agricultural waste are attractive appearance-wise, economically competitive, and biodegradable, making them a sustainable alternative to common consumer plastics.

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“…[294][295][296][297][298] PLA is mainly applied in food packaging, transport, agriculture, biomedical, textile and electronics industries due to good thermoplasticity and processability, 299,300 the first application being the most important. In the case of PLA-based films for food packaging, in addition to the polymer blends presented in Table 1, PLA was also used for the production of active [301][302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310] and intelligent [311][312][313][314] packaging; however, these two categories of packaging are outside the scope of this review. Due to the growing environmental awareness and the trend to reduce the use of fossil fuels, 315,316 associated with the use of non-biodegradable packaging based on PE, PP, PS and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 317,318 the production of biodegradable packaging has awakened the interest of industry and consumers.…”

Section: Starch: Generalities and Gelatinizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) and starch for the production of films applied in food packaging: A brief review

Silva

Rios

Santana

2023

Polymers from Renewable Resources

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The limited degradation of synthetic polymers used in food packaging when discarded in the environment is a major concern for society. Therefore, industry and academia have sought to develop biodegradable and eco-friendly materials for single-use in packaging. An interesting alternative for the food industry is biodegradable polymeric films, which is why different biopolymers have been used in the production of sustainable packaging. It is worth mentioning that the use of biodegradable polymers is one of the most successful innovations in the industry to address issues related to the environment. Among the available raw materials, starch extracted from different renewable sources is very promising for this purpose, due to its abundance, low-cost compared to other polymers and ability to produce non-toxic films. However, when used alone, pure starch has many limitations, which can be overcome by developing a mixture with other polymers (polymer blends), preferably from renewable and biodegradable sources, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). In this context, the absence of literature reviews evidencing the results of the application of films in foods led us to write this article, given the importance of polymer blends produced with different types of starch (cassava, corn, pea, potato, rice and wheat) and the PLA matrix. According to the results, it is clear that polymer blends based on PLA/Starch for food packaging are very promising, already being part of the industries solutions, aiming to minimize the large volume of plastic waste of petrochemical origin discarded in nature. Obviously, as with any technology, more research is needed to further improve the performance of the films, and while much research has made great strides, there are still limitations that prevent the commercialization of these materials.

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Characterization of active and pH-sensitive poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) films containing essential oils and anthocyanin for food packaging application

Cited by 42 publications

References 49 publications

Functional Filaments: Creating and Degrading pH-Indicating PLA Filaments for 3D Printing

Functional Filaments: Creating and Degrading pH-Indicating PLA Filaments for 3D Printing

Biodegradable, Colorless, and Odorless PLA/PBAT Bioplastics Incorporated with Corn Stover

Polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) and starch for the production of films applied in food packaging: A brief review

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