D-Allulose has potential as a low-calorie sweetener which can suppress fat accumulation. Several enzymes capable of D-allulose production have been isolated, including D-tagatose 3-epimerases. Here, we report the isolation of a novel protein from Methylomonas sp. expected to be a putative enzyme based on sequence similarity to ketose 3-epimerase. The synthesized gene encoding the deduced ketose 3-epimerase was expressed as a recombinant enzyme in Escherichia coli, and it exhibited the highest enzymatic activity toward L-ribulose, followed by D-ribulose and D-allulose. The X-ray structure analysis of L-ribulose 3-epimerase from Methylomonas sp. (MetLRE) revealed a homodimeric enzyme, the first reported structure of dimeric Lribulose 3-epimerase. The monomeric structure of MetLRE is similar to that of homotetrameric L-ribulose 3-epimerases, but the short C-terminal a-helix of MetLRE is unique and different from those of known L-ribulose 3 epimerases. The length of the C-terminal a-helix was thought to be involved in tetramerization and increasing stability; however, the addition of residues to MetLRE at the C terminus did not lead to tetramer formation. MetLRE is the first dimeric L-ribulose 3-epimerase identified to exhibit high relative activity toward D-allulose. D-Allulose (alternative name D-psicose) is a rare sugar, and its physiological functions, such as altering the blood glucose level, suppressing fat accumulation, and use as a low-calorie sweetener [1-9], have been focused on as a promising functional food ingredient. In Japan, a low-calorie syrup containing D-allulose, Rare Sugar Sweet Ò (Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan) [10], is commercially available and its labeling as a functional food was recently approved. In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated that 'it allows the low-calorie sweetener allulose to be excluded from total and added sugar counts on Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels when used as an ingredient' (FDA In Brief, April, 2019).
AbbreviationsAgDAE, D-allulose 3-epimerase from Arthrobacter globiformis; AtDAE, D-allulose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens; CcDAE, D-allulose 3-epimerase from Clostridium cellulolyticum; DAE, D-allulose 3-epimerase; his_MetLRE long2, his_MetLRE with nine additional residues (TAIKTIELH) at the C terminus and with three mutations (Y9I, Y37F, Y286L); his_MetLRE, N-terminal his-tagged MetLRE; his_MetLRE3, his_MetLRE with three mutations (Y9I, Y37F, and Y286L); LRE, L-ribulose 3-epimerase; MetLRE, L-ribulose 3-epimerase from Methylomonas sp.; MlLRE, L-ribulose 3-epimerase from Mesorhizobium loti; PcDTE, D-tagatose 3-epimerases from Pseudomonas cichorii.