“…Highly efficient gas barrier materials are required for a wide variety of applications, from food and drug packaging to electronic displays, devices, and photovoltaic cells. , In particular, thin, flexible, and transparent coatings with excellent oxygen and moisture barrier properties are critical in photovoltaic modules and electronic devices, to ensure reliability and improve their life span. Metal or inorganic films can function as superior oxygen and moisture barriers . However, their fabrication involves an expensive manufacturing process, such as atomic layer deposition or chemical vapor deposition, which are not cost-effective and challenging for large-scale manufacture .…”