Characterization of a host response to the myxosporean parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), by histology, scanning electron microscopy and immunological techniques

Abstract

The tissue response of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, against the myxosporean parasite. Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble), was investigated using histologieal teehniques, scanning eleetron microscopy and immunologieal methods. The progress of infection in C. shastasusceptible and resistant stcelhead and rainbow trout was examined by standard histological techniques and by indirect fluorescent antibody methods using monoelonal antibodies directed against C shasta antigens. Trophozoite stages were first observed in the posterior intestine and there was indication that resistance was due to the inability of the parasite to penetrate this tissue rather than to an infiammator>^ response. Examination of a severely infected intestine by scanning eleetron microscopy showed extensive destruction of the mucosal folds of the posterior intestine. Western blotting and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques were used to investigate the immunologieal component of the host response. No antibodies specific for C. shasta were detected by either method.

Redescription of Myxobolus pyramidis Chen, 1958(Myxosporea: Bivalvulida)

“…With these facts, we think the infection of M. pyramidis has no significant pathological effect on their host, which may be the result of long adaptation between host and parasites. The results are in agreement with the situation in most cyst-forming myxosporeans (Lom 1969;Bartholomew et al 1989;Ogawa et al 1992). The fact that no distinct host defence reactions were observed further supported this view.…”

Light and electron microscopic studies on turbot Psetta maxima infected with Enteromyxum scophthalmi: histopathology of turbot enteromyxosis

“…However, Enteromyxum scophthalmi can elicit a strong inflammatory host response in addition to the direct deleterious effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa. Other enteric myxozoans, such as Ceratomyxa shasta (Bartholomew et al 1989) and Enteromyxum leei (Álvarez-Pellitero et al 2008, Fleurance et al 2008) also induce an important inflammatory reaction. In the case of E. leei, both the severity of the histological lesions and the elicited immune re-215 Figs.…”

“…Ceratomyxa shasta, causing an important disease in salmonids, invades the intestinal epithelium, though the infection may become disseminated to several organs (Bartholomew et al 1989). Among myxosporeans with only enteric infection, species of the genus Enteromyxum deserve special mention.…”

Involvement of Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta: Annelida) in the Transmission of Hoferellus carassii (Myxosporea: Myxozoa), the Causative Agent of Kidney Enlargement Disease(KED) of Goldfish Carassius auratus.

“…Since the first report on the transmission of Myxo bolus cerebralis to the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Wolf and Markiw, 1984), many researchers con ducted experimental infection with other myxospore ans to follow up the hypothesis that myxosporeans and actinosporeans are alternating life stages of a single organism (El-Matbouli and Hoffmann, 1989;Kent et al, 1990;Ruidisch et al, 1991;Styer et al, 1991;Yokoyama et al, 1991;Bartholomew et al, 1992;El-Matbouli et al, 1992;GroBheider and Korting, 1992) .…”