Characterization of 3-Dimensional Printing and Casting Materials for use
                  in Computed Tomography and X-ray Imaging Phantoms

Yunker, Bryan E.; Holmgren, Andrew; Stupic, Karl F.; Wagner, Jennifer; Huddle, Stephen; Shandas, Robin; Weir, Richard F.; Keenan, Kathryn E.; Garboczi, Edward J.; Russek, Stephen E.

doi:10.6028/jres.125.029

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…is the pixel value obtained from the image without the presence of phantoms or objects, and is the sample thickness (cm). I is the pixel value obtained from the phantom region image [20,21].…”

Section: Measurement Of the Linear Attenuation Coe Cientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of physical properties and image of polyvinyl chloride as breast tissue equivalence for dual-modality (mammography and ultrasound)

Hariyanto

Budiarti²,

Suprijanto

et al. 2023

Phys Eng Sci Med

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Tissue-mimicking phantom (TMP) is gradually becoming a fundamental element for quality assurance and control in ionizing and non-ionizing radiation imaging modalities as well as in the development of different techniques. This study aims to evaluate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tissue mimicking material for dual-modality breast phantoms in mammography and ultrasound. Breast tissue equivalence was evaluated based on X-ray attenuation properties, speed of sound, attenuation, and acoustic impedance. There are six samples of PVC-plasticizer material with variations of PVC concentration and additives. The evaluation of X-ray attenuation was carried out using mammography from 23-35 kV, while the acoustic properties were assessed with mode A ultrasound and a transducer frequency of 5 MHz. A breast phantom was created from TMP material with tissue equivalence and was evaluated using mammography as well as ultrasound to analyze its image quality. The results showed that samples A, B, C, E, and F have the closest equivalent to the ACR breast phantom material with a different range of 0.01-1.39 in the 23-35 kV range. Based on the evaluation of the acoustic properties of ultrasound, A had high similarity to fat tissue with difference of 0.03 (dB cm − 1 MHz − 1 ) and 0.07 (10 6 kg m − 2 s − 1 ), while B was close to the glandular tissue with difference of 9.2 m s − 1 . Multilayer breast phantom images' results showed gray levels in mammography and ultrasound modalities. This study succeeded in establishing TMP material for mammography and ultrasound. It can also be used for simple quality assurance and control programs.

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Section: Measurement Of the Linear Attenuation Coe Cientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of physical properties and image of polyvinyl chloride as breast tissue equivalence for dual-modality (mammography and ultrasound)

Hariyanto

Budiarti²,

Suprijanto

et al. 2023

Phys Eng Sci Med

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“…NIST have released two publications [ 35 , 36 ] demonstrating CT and MRI properties for a range of commercially available 3D printable polymers for comparison with human tissue. Although several challenges exist to utilising 3D printed phantoms in multimodal imaging [ 32 ], future work would benefit from further consideration of the MRI relaxation and PET attenuation properties when choosing polymers from which to 3D print PET/MRI phantoms.…”

Section: Materials In Phantom Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal phantoms for clinical PET/MRI

2021

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Phantoms are commonly used throughout medical imaging and medical physics for a multitude of applications, the designs of which vary between modalities and clinical or research requirements. Within positron emission tomography (PET) and nuclear medicine, phantoms have a well-established role in the validation of imaging protocols so as to reduce the administration of radioisotope to volunteers. Similarly, phantoms are used within magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to perform quality assurance on clinical scanners, and gel-based phantoms have a longstanding use within the MRI research community as tissue equivalent phantoms. In recent years, combined PET/MRI scanners for simultaneous acquisition have entered both research and clinical use. This review explores the designs and applications of phantom work within the field of simultaneous acquisition PET/MRI as published over the period of a decade. Common themes in the design, manufacture and materials used within phantoms are identified and the solutions they provided to research in PET/MRI are summarised. Finally, the challenges remaining in creating multimodal phantoms for use with simultaneous acquisition PET/MRI are discussed. No phantoms currently exist commercially that have been designed and optimised for simultaneous PET/MRI acquisition. Subsequently, commercially available PET and nuclear medicine phantoms are often utilised, with CT-based attenuation maps substituted for MR-based attenuation maps due to the lack of MR visibility in phantom housing. Tissue equivalent and anthropomorphic phantoms are often developed by research groups in-house and provide customisable alternatives to overcome barriers such as MR-based attenuation correction, or to address specific areas of study such as motion correction. Further work to characterise materials and manufacture methods used in phantom design would facilitate the ability to reproduce phantoms across sites.

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“…This is seen in the energy dependence of X-ray attenuation. Quite extensive work has been performed identifying printing materials best mimicking water and tissue attenuation over a wider energy range in the keV region [ 32 , 44 , 45 ]. To simulate breast tissues in mammography at low keV photon energies, several SLA/DLP resins [ 46 , 47 ] and FDM polymers (Nylon and PET-G [ 46 ]) were found appropriate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailoring the Mass Density of 3D Printing Materials for Accurate X-ray Imaging Simulation by Controlled Underfilling for Radiographic Phantoms

Ahmed,

Buschmann,

Breyer

et al. 2024

Polymers

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Additive manufacturing and 3D printing allow for the design and rapid production of radiographic phantoms for X-ray imaging, including CT. These are used for numerous purposes, such as patient simulation, optimization of imaging procedures and dose levels, system evaluation and quality assurance. However, standard 3D printing polymers do not mimic X-ray attenuation properties of tissues like soft, adipose, lung or bone tissue, and standard materials like liquid water. The mass density of printing polymers—especially important in CT—is often inappropriate, i.e., mostly too high. Different methods can be applied to reduce mass density. This work examines reducing density by controlled underfilling either realized by using 3D printing materials expanded through foaming during heating in the printing process, or reducing polymer flow to introduce microscopic air-filled voids. The achievable density reduction depends on the base polymer used. When using foaming materials, density is controlled by the extrusion temperature, and ranges from 33 to 47% of the base polymer used, corresponding to a range of −650 to −394 HU in CT with 120 kV. Standard filaments (Nylon, modified PLA and modified ABS) allowed density reductions by 20 to 25%, covering HU values in CT from −260 to 77 (Nylon), −230 to −20 (ABS) and −81 to 143 (PLA). A standard chalk-filled PLA filament allowed reproduction of bone tissue in a wide range of bone mineral content resulting in CT numbers from 57 to 460 HU. Controlled underfilling allowed the production of radiographic phantom materials with continuously adjustable attenuation in a limited but appropriate range, allowing for the reproduction of X-ray attenuation properties of water, adipose, soft, lung, and bone tissue in an accurate, predictable and reproducible manner.

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Characterization of 3-Dimensional Printing and Casting Materials for use in Computed Tomography and X-ray Imaging Phantoms

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Evaluation of physical properties and image of polyvinyl chloride as breast tissue equivalence for dual-modality (mammography and ultrasound)

Evaluation of physical properties and image of polyvinyl chloride as breast tissue equivalence for dual-modality (mammography and ultrasound)

Multimodal phantoms for clinical PET/MRI

Tailoring the Mass Density of 3D Printing Materials for Accurate X-ray Imaging Simulation by Controlled Underfilling for Radiographic Phantoms

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