Characterization; Genome Sizes and Morphology of Sex Chromosomes in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).

Sakamoto, Koichi; Akiyama, Yukio; Fukui, Kiichi; Kamada, Hiroshi; Satoh, Shinobu

doi:10.1508/cytologia.63.459

Cited by 85 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…For example, in hemp, a dioecious plant with strong sexual dimorphism, it is accepted the existence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in male plants: Y chromosome is telocentric, X chromosome is metacentric. The size genome -1636 Mbp for female, 1683 Mbp for male -additionally confirms the larger dimensions of Y chromosome in hemp (SAKAMOTO et al, 1998). Table 1.…”

Section: Sex Chromosomes In Sea Buckthornsupporting

confidence: 54%

Karyotypic Studies in Ecotypes of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. from Romania

Truta

Capraru²,

Surdu³

et al. 2010

Silvae Genetica

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Sea buckthorn is a dioecious Eurasian shrub or small tree with large morphological, biochemical and physiological variability, evidenced by the great number of studies. Cytogenetically, uncertainties exist on species basic number, ploidy level, and sex chromosomes. In this study, detailed cytogenetic measurements were carried out on six Romanian ecotypes belonging to Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. carpatica Rousi, in order to establish the features and the symmetry degree of karyotypes, to evidence the sex chromosomes, and to construct the idiogram. The ecotypes have 2n = 24 metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. An intraspecific variation exists concerning the proportion of these two morphotypes. The karyotypes have similar symmetry patterns (R = 2.57-2.89; TF%= 38.54-42.70; AsI%= 57.99-61.41; A1=0.27-0.35; A2 = 0.26-0.36) and belong to 1B and 2B classes, being relatively high symmetric. Based on obtained results, we presume that the male sex chromosomes are heteromorphic, while in female plants are homomorphic. The Y chromosome is larger than X chromosome.

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Section: Sex Chromosomes In Sea Buckthornsupporting

confidence: 54%

Karyotypic Studies in Ecotypes of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. from Romania

Truta

Capraru²,

Surdu³

et al. 2010

Silvae Genetica

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show abstract

“…For example, the Y and X chromosomes are the largest and second-largest chromosomes of male S. latifolia, with the Y chromosome containing approximately 9% of its total diploid genome (Matsunaga et al, 1994). The Y chromosomes of Cannabis sativa are also the largest in the male genome (Sakamoto et al, 1998), and although the R. acetosa Y chromosome is divided into Y 1 and Y 2 , the overall combined Y chromosome is the largest in the male genome (Shibata et al, 1999). It therefore seems paradoxical that heteromorphic sex chromosomes in angiosperms are large even though symptoms of degeneration have been found in Y-linked genes.…”

Section: A Mads Box Gene Linked To the Y Chromosomementioning

confidence: 99%

Sex chromosome-linked genes in plants

Matsunaga

2006

Genes Genet. Syst.

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Recent studies of plant sex chromosome-linked genes have revealed many interesting characteristics, although there are limited reports about heteromorphic sex chromosomes in flowering plants. Sex chromosome-linked genes in angiosperms have been characterized mainly in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia . Although all such genes were isolated from transcripts of male flower buds of S. latifolia , most seem to be housekeeping genes except for the petal-and stamen-specific MADS box gene on the Y chromosome ( SlAP3Y ) and the male reproductive organspecific gene on the X chromosome ( MROS3X ). Recent evolutionary studies have revealed at least three evolutionary strata on the X chromosome that are related to stepwise loss of recombination between the sex chromosomes. Moreover, genetic maps showed conservation of gene organization on the X chromosome in the genus Silene and substantial pericentric inversion between the X and Y chromosomes of S. latifolia during evolution. A comparison between paralogs on the sex chromosomes revealed that introns of the Y-linked genes are longer than those of X-linked paralogs. Although analyses of sex chromosome-linked genes suggest that degeneration of the Y chromosome has occurred, the Y chromosome in flowering plants remains the largest in the male genome, unlike that of mammals. Accumulation of repetitive sequences and the entire chloroplast genome on the Y chromosome appear to have contributed to this large size. However, more detailed studies will be required to help explain the basis for the fact that heteromorphic sex chromosomes in angiosperms are large.

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“…The genome size is estimated to be 818 Mb for female plants and 843 Mb for male plants (Sakamoto et al, 1998). Currently, a draft genome consisting of 60,029 scaffolds is available for the Purple Kush (PK) drug-type variety from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic and Chemical Diversity inCannabis

Lynch

Vergara

Tittes

et al. 2016

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

119

176

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Plants of the Cannabis genus are the only prolific producers of phytocannabinoids, compounds that strongly interact with the evolutionarily ancient endocannabinoid receptors shared by most bilaterian taxa. For millennia, the plant has been cultivated not only for these compounds, but also for food, rope, paper, and clothing. Today, specialized varieties yielding high-quality textile fibers, nutritional seed oil, or high cannabinoid content are cultivated across the globe. However, the genetic identities and histories of these diverse populations remain largely obscured. We analyzed the nuclear genomic diversity among 340 Cannabis varieties, including fiber and seed oil hemp, high cannabinoid drug-types, and feral populations. These analyses demonstrate the existence of at least three major groups of diversity with European hemp varieties more closely related to narrow leaflet drug-types (NLDTs) than to broad leaflet drug-types (BLDTs). The BLDT group appears to encompass less diversity than the NLDT, which reflects the larger geographic range of NLDTs, and suggests a more recent origin of domestication of the BLDTs. As well as being genetically distinct, hemp, NLDT, and BLDT genetic groups produce unique cannabinoid and terpenoid content profiles. This combined analysis of population genomic and trait variation informs our understanding of the potential uses of different genetic variants for medicine and agriculture, providing valuable insights and tools for a rapidly emerging valuable industry.

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Characterization; Genome Sizes and Morphology of Sex Chromosomes in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).

Cited by 85 publications

References 8 publications

Karyotypic Studies in Ecotypes of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. from Romania

Karyotypic Studies in Ecotypes of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. from Romania

Sex chromosome-linked genes in plants

Genomic and Chemical Diversity inCannabis

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