Characterization and Testing for Lowest Eutectic Mixture of TNBA/DNTF

Abstract

In this work, electrostatic spraying was used to prepare TNBA/DNTF eutectic mixtures with different mass ratios. The T−X phase diagram and the H−X phase diagram were drawn from the DSC curves of the eutectic mixtures. The morphology, composition, structure, thermal decomposition properties, mechanical sensitivity, thermal sensitivity, and detonation properties of the lowest eutectic were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis‐mass spectrometry (TG‐MS), thermal sensitivity tests, mechanical sensitivity tests, and detonation performance calculations. The results showed that the best molar ratio of TNBA to DNTF was 59.41 : 40.59, whereas the best mass ratio was 60.17 : 39.83. The microscopic morphology was free of sharp edges and corners, the component proportions were the same as before electrostatic spraying, the surface elements were evenly distributed, and the crystal structure was essentially the same as those of the raw materials. The melting temperature was 352.0 K, which was 21.0 K and 33.1 K lower than those of the TNBA and DNTF raw materials, respectively. The thermal decomposition reaction rate constant (k), activation energy (EK), and preexponential factor (AK) of the lowest eutectic were 0.398 s−1, 81.34 kJ ⋅ mol−1, and 4.86×107 s−1, respectively. In the lowest eutectic, the component TNBA began to thermally decompose first, followed by DNTF. The main decomposition products of the lowest eutectic were CH4, H2O, H2, CO, N2, NH3, CO2, and N2O, with a small amount of C. The impact sensitivity (H50), friction sensitivity (P), and 5 s explosion temperature (T5s) of the lowest eutectic mixture were 39.7 cm, 28 %, and 563 K, respectively. Its detonation performance (OB=−36.52 %, QD=−4658 kJ ⋅ kg−1, vD=7598.37 m ⋅ s−1) was intermediate between those of TNBA and DNTF. The main detonation products were CO2, N2, CO, C(d), H2O, Br, and CH2O2.

3-(3,5-Dinitrophenyl)-5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazole: synthesis, structure and properties of a novel insensitive energetic material

“…The low melting points and good thermal stabilities of 2 and 3 make them potential candidates for practical applications, for example, 2 could serve as a potential melt-castable eutectic compound. 27…”

“…Additionally, 2 exhibits better detonation and sensitivity properties than previously reported halogen-containing materials like 1,3,5-triiodo-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TITNB). 9,27 Moreover, BAM testing methods were carried out to evaluate the safety of compounds 2 and 3 , and they showed that compounds 2 and 3 exhibited ideal safety, being insensitive to impact (IS > 60 J) and friction (FS > 360 J).…”

Thermal behavior and microstructure of a Methylnitroguanidine‐Nitroguanidine energetic eutectic

“…Methyl nitroguanidine (MeNQ) [9][10][11][12][13][14], 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) [15][16][17][18], and 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) [19][20][21][22] based energetic eutectics have been reported over the past 30 years. TNAZ-DNTF eutectic has high thermal stability and energy level but due to the high sensitivity of DNTF its friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity are slightly higher than TNT and B explosives [16].…”

Friction Sensitivity Test Experiment and Desensitization Mechanism of Nitrocellulose-Coated DNTF Explosive Crystals

“…Qin et al [26] proposed a method of encapsulating DNTF explosive crystals with energetic binder GAP based on the water suspension method to improve their mechanical sensitivity and analyze the desensitization mechanism. In addition to coating modification with binders, DNTF and other explosives, such as DNAN, MTNP, DFTNAN, and TNBA, were optimized for mechanical sensitivity, thermal performance improvement, and energy output characteristics through the low eutectic method, respectively [27][28][29][30]. Previous research on the NC coating of other substances or explosive particles has achieved good desensitization effects, but different coating processes, experimental costs, and ease of operation have also increased many uncertainties.…”