Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Novel Peptide, ECFSTA, from Wheat Germ Globulin

Abstract

A novel peptide was extracted from wheat germ globulin and purified using ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and semi-preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The sequence of the peptide was found to be Glu-Cys-Phe-Ser-Thr-Ala (ECFSTA). Its immunomodulatory effects were evaluated, and the results showed that ECFSTA could enhance phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 cells and significantly increase their secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ECFSTA activated macrophages mainly through the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and the production of ROS simultaneously stimulated macrophages to produce TNF-α. Thus, ECFSTA could be used as an immunomodulator and might be a promising component of functional foods.

Purification and Characterization of a Novel Pentadecapeptide from Protein Hydrolysates of Cyclina sinensis and Its Immunomodulatory Effects on RAW264.7 Cells

“…This may be due to an increase in the interaction of the peptide and cell membrane, which improves immune regulation [29]. In addition, a terminal rich in basic or hydrophobic amino acids can also be considered as an indicator of immunomodulatory activity [15,29,30]. In this novel pentadecapeptide, the carboxy (-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Val) and amino termini (Arg-Val-Ala-Pro-) have basic and hydrophobic amino acids, respectively, and these characteristics may contribute to immunomodulatory activity.…”

“…Three immunomodulating peptides, Asn-Gly-Met-Thr-Tyr, Asn-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro, and Trp-Thr, isolated from enzymatic hydrolysates of Alaska Pollock frame enhanced lymphocyte proliferation [14]. Wu, et al [15] isolated a novel hexapeptide (Glu-Cys-Phe-Ser-Thr-Ala) from wheat germ globulin, which showed significant immunomodulatory effects on RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, few immunomodulatory peptides have been purified from proteins of crustaceans and mollusks.…”

Immunomodulatory activity of Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein via PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways in macrophage RAW264.7 cells

“…In the present study, rFIP-glu significantly improved the phagocytosis of macrophage RAW264.7 cells at 2 μg/mL, suggesting that rFIP-glu have abilities to enhance phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. The phagocytosis of macrophages can be enhanced by many bioactive substances, such as polysaccharides (42, 43), peptides (44) and proteins (45, 46), alkaloids (47) and phospholipids (48). Phagocytosis is one of the important innate immune responses.…”

Purification and identification immunomodulatory peptide from rice protein hydrolysates

“…Food-derived immunoactive peptides have a variety of regulatory functions in the human immune system. They are generally derived from cheese (Jiehui et al, 2014), shellfish (He, Cao, Pan, Yang, & Zhang, 2015;Suleria, Addepalli, Masci, Gobe, & Osborne, 2017), wheat (Rodríguez-Carrio, Fernández, Riera, & Suárez, 2014;Wu et al, 2017), rice (Hartati, Widjanarko, Widyaningsih, & Rifa'i, 2017) and soybean . (Chen, Suetsuna, & Yamauchi, 1995) These immunodulatory peptides can enhance immune cell function, cytokine activity (Yang et al, 2009), antimicrobial activity (Nelson, Katayama, Mine, Duarte, & Matar, 2007) and antitumor activity (Wang et al, 2010).…”

“…(Chen, Suetsuna, & Yamauchi, 1995) These immunodulatory peptides can enhance immune cell function, cytokine activity (Yang et al, 2009), antimicrobial activity (Nelson, Katayama, Mine, Duarte, & Matar, 2007) and antitumor activity (Wang et al, 2010). Moreover, some immunodulating peptides have been further purified and identified, including Asn-Gly-Met-Thr-Tyr (Hou, Fan, Li, Xue, & Yu, 2012), Pro-His-Thr-Cys (He et al, 2015) and Glu-Cys-Phe-Ser-Thr-Ala (Wu et al, 2017).…”