Characterization and Identification of the Sources of Chromium, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Nickel, Manganese and Iron in Pm10 Particulates at the Two Sites of Kolkata, India

Abstract

Monitoring of ambient PM10 (particulate matter which passes through a size selective impactor inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 microm aerodynamic diameter) has been done at residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) sites of an urban region of Kolkata during November 2003 to November 2004. These sites were selected depending on the dominant anthropogenic activities. Metal constituents of atmospheric PM10 deposited on glass fibre filter paper were estimated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES). Chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are the seven toxic trace metals quantified from the measured PM10 concentrations. The 24 h average concentrations of Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Fe from ninety PM10 particulate samples of Kolkata were found to be 6.9, 506.1, 79.1, 3.3, 7.4, 2.4 and 103.6 ng/m3, respectively. The 24 h average PM10 concentration exceeded national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) as specified by central pollution control board, India at both residential (Kasba) and industrial (Cossipore) areas with mean concentration of 140.1 and 196.6 microg/m3, respectively. A simultaneous meteorology study was performed to assess the influence of air masses by wind speed, wind direction, rainfall, relative humidity and temperature. The measured toxic trace metals generally showed inverse relationship with wind speed, relative humidity and temperature. Factor analysis, a receptor modeling technique has been used for identification of the possible sources contributing to the PM10. Varimax rotated factor analysis identified four possible sources of measured trace metals comprising solid waste dumping, vehicular traffic with the influence of road dust, road dust and soil dust at residential site (Kasba), while vehicular traffic with the influence of soil dust, road dust, galvanizing and electroplating industry, and tanning industry at industrial site (Cossipore).

Exploring the Sources of PM10 Burning-Season Haze in Northern Thailand Using Nuclear Analytical Techniques

“…Highly toxic elements, such as As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, and others, such as Fe, Ca, Ba, and Mn, which are derived from the earth's crust or re-suspended soil (Gonzalez-Rodriguez et al, 2005), have been analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Ochsenkuhn-Petropoulou and Ochsenkuhn, 2001;Gonzalez-Rodriguez et al, 2005;Karar et al, 2006;Kulshrestha et al, 2009;Flores-Rangel et al, 2015); atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) (Kulshrestha et al, 2009); particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) (Ferreira da Silva et al, 2010); synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-SXRF) (López et al, 2011;Pongpiachan et al, 2012aPongpiachan et al, , 2012b; scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) (Flores-Rangel et al, 2015); anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) (Ochsenkuhn-Petropoulou and Ochsenkuhn, 2001); and instrumental neutron-activation analysis (INAA) (Ochsenkuhn-Petropoulou and Ochsenkuhn, 2001). Some ions, such as sulfate (SO 4 2-), nitrate (NO 3 -), ammonium (NH 4 + ), sodium (Na + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), potassium (K + ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ), bicarbonate (HCO 3 -), and chloride (Cl -), have been analyzed by AAS and ion chromatography (Sillapapiromsuk et al, 2013;Zhamsueva et al, 2015).…”

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

“…[33] On the other hand, high concentrations of PM2.5 during winter were attributed due to low wind speed and temperature which resulted in lowering of atmospheric mixing along with enhanced anthropogenic activities such as biomass burning and space heating. [38][39][40][41] These are main reasons that visibility is reduced to about 50 m during day timings during the winter season.…”

Spatial, temporal and size distribution of particulate matter and its chemical constituents in Faisalabad, Pakistan

“…In contrast, the PM 2.5 average concentration was highest (209 ± 90 µg m -3 ) during winter and lowest (124 ± 40 µg m -3 ) during the monsoon sampling period. This high PM 2.5 concentration during the winter period can be attributed to lower temperature and wind speed that result in reduced atmospheric mixing coupled with higher anthropogenic activities such as biomass burning and space heating (Karar et al, 2006;Chakraborty and Gupta, 2010;Pakbin et al, 2010;Ni et al, 2013). That is why visibility in Faisalabad and its surrounding areas during foggy winter days is often as low as 50 m. The lower PM concentrations observed during the monsoon sampling period can be attributed to wash-out by rainfall, wet surfaces and higher RH that reduces re-suspension of road and crustal dust (Budhavant et al, 2009;Celo and Dabek-Zlotorzynska, 2010;Shah et al, 2012), but also to the shutdown of brick kilns.…”

“…During summer and spring the coarse fraction contributes to a larger portion of the average TSP mass (66%) indicating that mechanical processes (i.e., re-suspension of road/crustal dust, stone crushing/cutting, constructions activities, etc.) are the most likely sources (Karar et al, 2006). In addition, a box and whisker plot (Fig.…”

“…6) also depicts that coarse PM fractions (TSP, PM 10 and PM 4 ) are not as normally distributed as fine fractions (PM 2.5 ), since in the former mean and median are dissimilar whereas in the latter they have nearly the same value. During the winter sampling period PM 2.5 constitutes an overwhelming fraction (41%) of PM, thereby indicating the presence of enhanced anthropogenic activities, favorable conditions for the accumulation of fine particles (which have higher residence time in air), and more combustion activities from space heating (Karar et al, 2006;Cheung et al, 2011;Alolayan et al, 2013;Yu et al, 2013).…”