Characterization and Development of T-Cell Immune Responses in B-Cell-Deficient (Igh-6−/−) Mice withSalmonella entericaSerovar TyphimuriumInfection

Our previous in vivo studies show that both the amount of Ag and the number of available naive CD4 T cells affect the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the effector CD4 T cells generated. We examined how the number of OVA-specific CD4 TCR transgenic T cells affects the Th1/Th2 phenotype of anti-SRBC CD4 T cells generated in vivo upon immunization with different amounts of OVA-SRBC. Our observations show that a greater number of Ag-dependent CD4 T cell interactions are required to generate Th2 than Th1 cells. We established an in vitro system that recapitulates our main in vivo findings to more readily analyze the underlying mechanism. The in vitro generation of Th2 cells depends, as in vivo, upon both the number of responding CD4 T cells and the amount of Ag. We demonstrate, using agonostic/antagonistic Abs to various costimulatory molecules or their receptors, that the greater number of CD4 T cell interactions, required to generate Th2 over Th1 cells, does not involve CD40, OX40, or ICOS costimulation, but does involve B7/CD28 interactions. A comparison of the level of expression of B7 molecules by APC and CD4 T cells, under different conditions resulting in the substantial generation of Th1 and Th2 cells, leads us to propose that the critical CD28/B7 interactions, required to generate Th2 cells, may directly occur between CD4 T cells engaged with the same B cell acting as an APC.

Section: B Cells But Not Dcs Support the Development Of Th2 Cells Imentioning

confidence: 99%

The Number of Responding CD4 T Cells and the Dose of Antigen Conjointly Determine the Th1/Th2 Phenotype by Modulating B7/CD28 Interactions

Rudulier

McKinstry

Al‐Yassin

et al. 2014

“…The intestinal epithelium presents a significant obstacle to infection; bacterial invasion induces a strong proinflammatory response in which cytokine release is followed by recruitment and activation of neutrophils, macrophages, and DCs (23). Adaptive immune responses are critical for clearance of Salmonella from the host; B cells contribute to protective immunity via Ab production and the ability to serve as APC (24), and both CD4 ϩ and CD8 ϩ T cell responses are generated during Salmonella infection (25,26). CD4 ϩ T cells play an essential role in adaptive immunity, and protection can be transferred to naive susceptible mice with CD4 ϩ cells and sera from immune mice (27).…”

Section: T He Pathogen Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium (Smentioning

confidence: 99%

FliC-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses Are Restricted by Bacterial Regulation of Antigen Expression

Cummings¹,

Barrett²,

Wilkerson³

et al. 2005

Salmonella typhimurium, a facultatively intracellular pathogen, regulates expression of virulence factors in response to distinct environments encountered during the course of infection. We tested the hypothesis that the transition from extra- to intracellular environments during Salmonella infection triggers changes in Ag expression that impose both temporal and spatial limitations on the host T cell response. CD4+ T cells recovered from Salmonella immune mice were propagated in vitro using Ag derived from bacteria grown in conditions designed to emulate extra- or intracellular environments in vivo. Extracellular phase bacteria supported a dominant T cell response to the flagellar subunit protein FliC, whereas intracellular phase bacteria were unable to support expansion of FliC-specific T cells from populations known to contain T cells with reactivity to this Ag. This result was attributed to bacterial regulation of FliC expression: transcription and protein levels were repressed in bacteria growing in the spleens of infected mice. Furthermore, Salmonella-infected splenocytes taken directly ex vivo stimulated FliC-specific T cell clones only when intracellular FliC expression was artificially up-regulated. Although it has been suggested that a microanatomical separation of immune T cells and infected APC exists in vivo, we demonstrate that intracellular Salmonella can repress FliC expression below the T cell activation threshold. This potentially provides a mechanism for intracellular Salmonella at systemic sites to avoid detection by Ag-specific T cells primed at intestinal sites early in infection.

“…Isotype-switched B cell responses may mediate protective immunity by opsonizing extracellular bacteria (10), by presenting bacterial Ags to Salmonella-specific T cells (11), or by modulating dendritic cell Ag presentation to T cells (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of T-bet by CD4 T Cells Is Essential for Resistance toSalmonellaInfection

Ravindran

Foley

Stoklasek

et al. 2005

137

148

Despite the recognized role of the T-bet transcription factor in the differentiation of Th1 cells, T-bet-deficient mice can develop small numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells. Although these are not sufficient to allow normal handling of some pathogens, T-bet-deficient mice do resolve infection with the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, we report that expression of T-bet is required for resistance to Salmonella infection. T-bet-deficient mice succumbed to infection with attenuated Salmonella and did not generate IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells or isotype-switched Salmonella-specific Ab responses. Spleen cells from Salmonella-infected T-bet-deficient mice secreted increased levels of IL-10, but not IL-4, upon in vitro restimulation. A Salmonella-specific TCR transgenic adoptive transfer system was used to further define the involvement of T-bet expression in the development of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells. Wild-type Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells activated in T-bet-deficient recipient mice displayed no defect in clonal expansion, contraction, or IFN-γ production. In contrast, T-bet-deficient, Salmonella-specific CD4 T cells activated in wild-type recipient mice produced less IFN-γ and more IL-2 upon in vivo restimulation. Therefore, expression of T-bet by CD4 T cells is required for the development of Salmonella-specific Th1 cells, regulation of IL-10 production, and resistance to Salmonella infection.