Characterization and Construction of a Robust and Elastic Wall-Less Flow Phantom for High Pressure Flow Rate Using Doppler Ultrasound Applications

Abstract

A Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive test that can be used to estimate the blood flow through the vessels. Presently, few flow phantoms are being used to be qualified for long-term utilize and storage with high physiological flow rate Doppler ultrasound. The main drawback of the two hydrogel materials items (Konjac (K) and carrageenan (C) (KC)) that it is not fit for long-term storage and easy to deteriorate. Thus, this research study focuses on the characterization and construction of a robust and elastic wall-less flow phantom with suitable acoustical properties of TMM. The mechanisms for the fabrication of a wall-less flow phantom utilizing a physically strong material such as K, C, and gelatin (bovine skin)-based TMM were explained. In addition, the clinical ultrasound (Hitachi Avius (HI)) system was used as the main instrument for data acquisition. Vessel mimicking material (VMM) with dimensions of 15.0 mm depth equal to those of human common carotid arteries (CCA) were obtained with pulsatile flow. The acoustical properties (speed of sound and attenuation were 1533±2 m/s and 0.2 dB/cm. MHz, respectively) of a new TMM were agreed with the IEC 61685 standards. Furthermore, the velocity percentages error were decreased with increase in the Doppler angle (the lowest % error (3%) it was at 53 • ). The gelatin from bovine skin was a proper material to be added to KC to enhance the strength of TMM during for long-term utilize and storage of high-flow of blood mimicking Fluid (BMF). This wall-less flow phantom will be a suitable instrument for examining in-vitro research studies.

Dynamic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model Within a Liver Phantom for Multimodality Imaging

“…One of the limitations of the present study is the difficulty of representing breathing movements that affect real human liver under the components of the dynamic phantom. In addition, it is difficult to simulate the actual blood vessels of the liver in terms of shape and size, because the aim of the study revolves around the establishment of a dynamic phantom of HCC, and the blood vessels need special properties to use in the flow phantom [47][48][49]. In the future, there is a need to conduct studies to search for the properties of the current phantom, such as chemical, mechanical and electrical properties.…”

A Hyperglycemic Blood Mimicking Fluid with Good Acoustic and Physical Properties for In-Vitro Ultrasound Flow Studies

“…The BMF was tested by running it through an 8.0 mm lumen diameter common carotid artery wall-less phantom prepared with a konjac-carrageenan and gelatin based tissue mimicking material ((Ammar et al, 2018). The BMF was pumped with the aid of a gear pump (multi-flow GAMPT) at a steady flow rate of 1500 ml/min to measure the flow properties using a digital Hitachi ultrasound scanner connected with a linear array transducer (EUP-L74M).…”

A review of carotid artery phantoms for doppler ultrasound applications

“…MHz respectively. [ 71 ] This wall-less test object simulates the CCA of a healthy human with a diameter of 8 mm produced from a straight, hard metallic rod mold inserted is a transparent acrylic box (260 mm × 120 mm × 90 mm). The new TMM composition is well explained by[ 72 ] while the new BMF used was as discussed by.…”