Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns

Petrillo, Francesco; Petrillo, Arianna; Marrapodi, Maria Maddalena; Capristo, Carlo; Gicchino, Maria Francesca; Montaldo, Paolo; Caredda, Elisabetta; Reibaldi, Michele; Boatti, Lara; Dell’Annunziata, Federica; Folliero, Veronica; Galdiero, Marilena

doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071390

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…As can be observed, most of the patients had limited heterogeneity, indicating low biodiversity. The biodiversity was assessed using an index, defined by the MicrobAT ® software (Microbiota Analysis Tool; SmartSeq S.r.l., Italy) [ 22 , 23 ]. Biodiversity is defined by the number of spp populations observed and is an indicator of the health of the microbiota—the lower the result is, the lower the number of microbial populations detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raw sequencing data were uploaded to a bioinformatic system. Taxonomic assignment and a bioinformatic analysis were performed using the MicrobAT ® software (Microbiota Analysis Tool; SmartSeq S.r.l., Novara, Italy) [ 22 , 23 ]. In the first phase of the analysis, reads were cleaned by a dedicated algorithm to remove short, low-quality sequences.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Gut Microbiota Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Population-Based Study

Polidori¹,

Marullo²,

Ialongo

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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(1) Background: A clinical laboratory index to assess gut dysbiosis is the F/B ratio < 0.8. In fact, an elevated proportion of Firmicutes and a reduced population of Bacteroides in diabetes type 2 (T2D) subjects has been observed. This study aimed to detail the dysbiosis status in the Italian population, focusing on some pathogenic spectra (T2D) or metabolic disorders. (2) Material and methods: A quantity of 334 fecal samples was analyzed in order to perform genetic testing and sequencing. (3) Results: A trend in over imbalance was observed in the percentage of Proteobacteria (median value: 6.75%; interquartile range (IQR): 3.57–17.29%). A statistically significant association (χ2p = 0.033) was observed between type of dysbiosis and T2D, corresponding to an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.86. It was noted that females with cystitis/candidiasis are significantly prevalent in T2D patients (p < 0.01; OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 1.43–8.99). Although, in non-diabetic males, a sugar craving is significantly associated with the rate of dysbiosis in non-diabetic males (p < 0.05; OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.00–1.16). (4) Conclusion: In T2D patients, the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio was biased in favor of Proteobacteria, to be expected due to the nutritional habits of the patients. Thus, T2D females had altered gut permeability favoring the development of infections in the vaginal tract.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Gut Microbiota Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Population-Based Study

Polidori¹,

Marullo²,

Ialongo

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…With chloramphenicol, although resistance among ocular isolates is generally low, a few studies have reported high rates of resistance [9]. Topical antimicrobial exposure may also disrupt the paediatric microbiome at the ocular surface [10], and an altered microbiome has been reported in some ocular surface disorders [11]. With chloramphenicol, although there is no strong evidence linking topical use with haematotoxicity, topical chloramphenicol is not in use in the United States, due to concerns around this rare adverse effect being linked to systemic administration [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Chloramphenicol Exposure in Early Childhood in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Cheung,

Horsburgh,

Smith

et al. 2024

Pharmacoepidemiology

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Background: The paediatric use of ophthalmic chloramphenicol in New Zealand (NZ) is relatively high; however, little more is known about its utilisation, including whether this is equitable. This study aimed to describe chloramphenicol utilisation in NZ children aged five years and under, by patient ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, and urban/non-urban domicile. Methods: This analysis included every publicly subsidised chloramphenicol dispensing received from birth to five years of age, for every child born in NZ in 2013. Cumulative proportion of first exposure, dispensing rate per person-year, and seasonality of dispensing were quantified. These were calculated following stratification by ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation quintile, and urban/non-urban health district. For cumulative proportion of first exposure, odds ratios (OR) were calculated and multivariate logistic regression was performed. For dispensing rate, incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated and zero-inflated Poisson regression was performed. Results: Almost one-quarter of NZ children received their first dispensing within the first year of life. By five years of age, 55.2% of children had received their first dispensing. By five years of age, children of Pacific ethnicity, those in the highest deprivation quintile, and in those non-urban health districts had lower odds of receiving chloramphenicol (adjusted OR 0.90, 0.79, and 0.81, respectively, all p < 0.001). In contrast, children of Māori ethnicity had higher odds (adjusted OR 1.99, p < 0.001). Māori and Pacific ethnicity, and residence in non-urban health districts, were associated with fewer dispensings (adjusted IRR 0.88, 0.75 and 0.87, all p < 0.001). In contrast, deprivation quintile was not significantly associated with dispensing rate. Conclusion: Chloramphenicol utilisation is prevalent among NZ children, and utilisation may be lower among children of Pacific ethnicity and those in non-urban areas

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“…Viruses are the leading cause of infectious conjunctivitis, followed by bacteria, although fungi and parasites may be involved in the progress of infection [ 12 ]. The microorganisms that cause conjunctivitis can be acquired by direct contact with hands and objects contaminated by the etiological agent, aerosol transmission, and vertically from mother to child [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Oftasecur and Visuprime Ophthalmic Solutions

et al. 2023

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Due to the wide etiology of conjunctivitis, the expensive and time-consuming diagnosis requires new therapeutic strategies with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and nonselective mechanisms of action. In this context, eye drops could provide an alternative to conventional antimicrobial therapies. Here, we compare the antibacterial and antiviral activity of Oftasecur and Visuprime, commercially available ophthalmic solutions. Cytotoxicity assay was performed on Vero CCL-81 cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by disk diffusion, broth microdilution methods, and time-killing tests. Furthermore, the antiviral activity against HSV-1 was estimated by co-treatment, cell and viral pretreatment and post-treatment, via plaque reduction assay, fluorescence assessment (GFP-engineered HSV-1), and real-time PCR. After 24 h of exposure, Oftasecur and Visuprime showed a volume-inducing 50% of cytotoxicity of 125 and 15.8 μL, respectively Oftasecur and Visuprime induced 90% antibacterial activity in response to mean volume of 10.0 and 4.4 µL for Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, respectively. Oftasecur exerted bactericidal action on both bacterial populations, while Visuprime was bacteriostatic on Gram-negative strains and slightly bactericidal on Gram-positive bacteria. A major impact on infectivity occurred by exposure of viral particles to the ophthalmic solutions. In detail, 50% of inhibition was verified by exposing the viral particles to 3.12 and 0.84 μL of Oftasecur and Visuprime, respectively, for 1 h. The reduction of the fluorescence and the expression of the viral genes confirmed the recorded antiviral activity. Due to their high antimicrobial efficiency, Oftasecur and Visuprime could represent a valid empirical strategy for the treatment of conjunctivitis.

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Characterization and Comparison of Ocular Surface Microbiome in Newborns

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Characterization of Gut Microbiota Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Population-Based Study

Characterization of Gut Microbiota Composition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Population-Based Study

Ocular Chloramphenicol Exposure in Early Childhood in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Oftasecur and Visuprime Ophthalmic Solutions

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