Characterization and comparison of carbon structures synthesized from rubber waste and naphthalene

Comparison of the NiAl2O4 derived catalyst deactivation in the steam reforming and sorption enhanced steam reforming of raw bio-oil in packed and fluidized-bed reactors

“…As observed by means of SEM, the coke is composed of amorphous carbon and carbon nanostructures (filaments and spheres). These carbon nanostructures typically have more intense D bands [63][64][65], and therefore a higher D/G intensity or area ratio would indicate the presence of these structures (together with the observation of smaller D and G band widths). • The D'/G ratio gives a direct indicator of the relative content of amorphous carbon [63], and so as the D' band increases, the sample would have more amorphous carbon structures (together with the increase in the D band width).…”