Characterization and Biological Studies of Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles from Leaf Extract of Juniperus phoenicea (L.) Growing in Taif Region, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles in nanosized form has acquired great interest in the area of nanomedicine as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative compared to other chemical and physical methods. This study deals with the eco-friendly green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) utilizing Juniperus phoenicea leaf extract and their characterization. The biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs was completed in 3 h and confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, a strong band at 205.4 nm distinctly revealed the formation of NPs. Transmissions electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the synthesized TiO2 NPs are spherical in shape, with a diameter in a range of 10–30 nm. The XRD major peak at 27.1° congruent with the (110) lattice plane of tetragonal rutile TiO2 phase. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed synthesized TiO2 NPs average particle size (hydrodynamic diameter) of (74.8 ± 0.649) nm. Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) revealed the bioactive components present in the leaf extract, which act as reducing and capping agents. The antimicrobial efficacy of synthesized TiO2NPs against, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram-negative), Yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and fungi (Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum) assayed by a disc diffusion method. TiO2NPs inhibited all tested strains by mean inhibition zone (MIZ), which ranged from the lowest 15.7 ± 0.45 mm against K. pneumoniae to the highest 30.3 ± 0.25 against Aspergillus niger. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) values were 20 μL/mL and 40 μL/mL of TiO2NPs were observed against Asp. niger. Moreover, it showed significant inhibitory activity against human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells with IC50 = 50.13 ± 1.65 µg/mL. The findings concluded that biosynthesized TiO2 NPs using Juniperus phoenicea leaf extract can be used in medicine as curative agents according to their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities.

Characterization of titanium dioxide nanomaterials synthesized from leaf extract of Pogostemon cablin Benth and their potential antifungal activity

“…After getting attached, two or more than two particles give this effect [22]. The Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern of both the TiO 2 chemically synthesized and green synthesized confirmed that the nanoparticles vibration [19,45]. In green synthesized TiO 2 NPs, the peek obtained at 2926 cm −1 also showed O-H stretching, but the visible intensity of the peak is medium.…”

“…Surface properties such as morphology, shape and size of nanoparticles were determined with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [19]. Figure 2 is the SEM image of the chemically synthesized and green synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles.…”

“…In green synthesized TiO 2 NPs, the peek obtained at 2926 cm −1 also showed O-H stretching, but the visible intensity of the peak is medium. Crest obtained at 2849 cm −1 is due to C-H stretching of the alkane group [19]. Ti-O-Ti stretching was obtained at both chemically and green synthesized TiO 2 NPs at 574 cm −1 and 515 cm −1 respectively [19,[44][45][46].…”

“…Many studies have reported that due to the many phytochemicals (phenolics, terpenoids, etc), plant extract can act as a reducing and stabilizing agent by converting metal salt into nano form [16,17]. There are many studies reported synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants extract of jasmine flower [18], papaya [19], Piper nigrum, Coriandrum sativum, Syzygium aromaticum [20], rosemary, ginger [21], Impatiens rothii [22], Terenna asiatica [23], Garcinia mangostana [24], Iranian propolis [25], mango [26].…”

“…TiO 2 NPs can be a promising antifungal agent due to their wide uses in cosmetics like creams, lotions, nail paints, skin ointment, and sunscreen [27]. Although in previous studies of TiO 2 NPs, much emphasis was provided on the other microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [28], Sclerotinias sclerotiorums, Rosellinia necatrixs, Fusariums strains [29], Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus [30], Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium digitatum [19] but still there is a need to study TiO 2 NPs effect on dermatophytes. In this study, we took Pogostemon cablin for green synthesis and compared it with chemically synthesized TiO 2 NPs.…”