Characterization and Application of Mangosteen Peel Activated Carbon for Ammonia Gas Removal

Abstract

Mangosteen peel can be used as an activated carbon precursor because of its high lignin content and hardness. In this study, mangosteen peel activated carbon (MP-AC) was prepared by a physical activation method using CO2 at 850°C. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis was used to assess the optimal activation time to identify the largest surface area. The properties of MP-AC were characterized by the SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses. The results showed that MP-AC obtained from the 120-minute activation time had the largest BET specific surface area of 588.41 m2/g and was selected as an adsorbent in the dynamic adsorption of ammonia gas. The values of moisture content, ash content, and iodine number of MP-AC were 6.07%, 9.8%, and 1153.69 mg/g, respectively. Breakthrough curve indicated that with lower inlet concentration and higher adsorbent mass, longer breakthrough time is reached. Equilibrium data was best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, while the pseudo-first order kinetic model favorably described the adsorption kinetics. The results revealed a potential to utilize MP-AC as an adsorbent for ammonia gas removal with average NH3 adsorption capacity of 0.41 mg/g.

Experimental Design, Equilibrium Modeling and Kinetic Studies on the Adsorption of Methylene Blue by Adsorbent: Activated Carbon from Durian Shell Waste

“…This result is within the range of activated carbon that is suitable for practical application (i.e., 500–1.200 mg·g −1 ). However, if compared with activated carbon made from mangosteen peel [ 35 ], the ash ratio, humidity and Iodine index are all lower. This shows that there is a need for improvements in the ACDS coal preparation process.…”

“…ACDS activated carbon (10 g) was weighed and dried at 105 °C for about 4 h to constant weight, and then the moisture content was determined. The final result is the average value of 3 replicates [ 35 ]. Humidity is calculated according to the formula: where: m o is the initial mass of activated carbon, m is the mass of activated carbon after drying.…”

“…The sample was heated in an oven at 600 °C for 4 h. The sample was cooled to room temperature and reweighed (m 3 ). The ash content of ACDS activated carbon is determined as follows [ 35 ]. …”

“…The filtrate (10 mL) was then titrated with 0.1 N of sodium thiosulfate solution and starch as an indicator. The amount of iodine in the solution was calculated according to the formula [ 35 ]: where V 1 is the analyzed iodine volume (mL); V 2 is the volume of Na 2 S 2 O 3 used (mL); W is activated carbon weight (g); N 1 and N 2 are the iodine and Na 2 S 2 O 3 normality (N) respectively; f p is the dilution factor; and 126.93 is the iodine amount corresponding to 1 mL of Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution.…”

The Influence of Oxidation and Nitrogenation on the Physicochemical Properties and Sorption Capacity of Activated Biocarbons Prepared from the Elderberry Inflorescence

“…Activated carbons are very effective, universal and, at the same time, relatively cheap adsorbents, which is why they are commonly used for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants, both from the gas and liquid phase. In the literature on the subject, there are numerous reports on their application for the adsorption of such pollutants as: toxic inorganic gases (for example, NH 3 , NO 2 , H 2 S, SO 2 , CO 2 ) [ 3 , 4 ], volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [ 5 ], heavy metal ions [ 6 , 7 ], phenol and its derivatives [ 8 ], organic dyes [ 9 , 10 ], pharmaceuticals [ 11 ], surfactants [ 12 ], polymers [ 13 ], etc. Furthermore, activated carbons are increasingly used as catalysts or catalyst support [ 14 ], as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries [ 15 ], as well as materials for gas storage [ 16 ].…”