“…Rural and nonrural women with high-risk pregnancies identified similar barriers to prenatal care and these barriers placed them at comparable risk for untimely prenatal care initiation. The barriers that placed them at greatest risk, including no way to get to doctor's office or clinic and not having a Medicaid card, insurance, or money to pay for visits, have been cited in previous research with pregnant women in the general population who may not have been categorized as having high-risk pregnancies (Beeckman, Louckx, & Putman, 2011;Braveman, Marchi, Egerter, Pearl, & Neuhaus, 2000;Friedman, Heneghan, & Rosenthal, 2009). Using the 2003 Oregon PRAMS data, prior research also has found no significant association between residence category (rural vs. nonrural) and barriers (money/insurance, social/logistic) to prenatal care initiation (Epstein, Grant, Schiff, & Kesehagen, 2009).…”