Characteristics of virophages and giant viruses

Tokarz–Deptuła, Beata; Czupryńska, Paulina; Poniewierska-Baran, Agata; Deptuła, Wiesław

doi:10.18388/abp.2018_2631

Cited by 4 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…There, small virions have been detected. They have been named after the Earth’s first satellite, the virophage Sputnik, meaning “travelling companion” [ 2 , 4 , 25 , 26 , 42 , 43 ] and ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Virophages With a Described ‘Host’ And Its Host Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the Sputnik virophage, the dominant host among viruses of Lineages A, B, and C of the family Mimiviridae is the giant Mamavirus ACMV, which infects the amoebae A. castellanii [ 1 , 2 , 17 , 26 , 42 , 48 , 49 ]. However, with the same reaction kinetics, it can effectively infect the giant virus, Mimivirus APMV, of the same genus and family but living on the amoeba A. polyphaga [ 3 , 4 , 11 , 21 , 49 ].…”

Section: Virophages With a Described ‘Host’ And Its Host Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virophages, like their “host” giant viruses, are new infectious agents in the viral world. Their role in nature, mainly in the aquatic environment, but also in the context of human and livestock health, is essential [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. It has been shown that virophages representing “superparasitism”, including almost all of those described, harm their host giant viruses [ 1 , 4 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can form provirophages by integrating their genomes with these viruses and host cells [ 1 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. It is assumed [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] that provirophages integrate into the giant virus genome that infects protozoa and algae, as well as colonize all geographical zones because they or their genome are recorded in saltwater and freshwater environments, in terrestrial environments, and plant and animal organisms, including mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virophages—Known and Unknown Facts

Tokarz-Deptuła,

Chrzanowska,

Gurgacz

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The paper presents virophages, which, like their host, giant viruses, are “new” infectious agents whose role in nature, including mammalian health, is important. Virophages, along with their protozoan and algal hosts, are found in fresh inland waters and oceanic and marine waters, including thermal waters and deep-sea vents, as well as in soil, plants, and in humans and animals (ruminants). Representing “superparasitism”, almost all of the 39 described virophages (except Zamilon) interact negatively with giant viruses by affecting their replication and morphogenesis and their “adaptive immunity”. This causes them to become regulators and, at the same time, defenders of the host of giant viruses protozoa and algae, which are organisms that determine the homeostasis of the aquatic environment. They are classified in the family Lavidaviridae with two genus (Sputnikovirus, Mavirus). However, in 2023, a proposal was presented that they should form the class Maveriviricetes, with four orders and seven families. Their specific structure, including their microsatellite (SSR-Simple Sequence Repeats) and the CVV (cell—virus—virophage, or transpovirion) system described with them, as well as their function, makes them, together with the biological features of giant viruses, form the basis for discussing the existence of a fourth domain in addition to Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. The paper also presents the hypothetical possibility of using them as a vector for vaccine antigens.

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Section: Virophages With a Described ‘Host’ And Its Host Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Virophages With a Described ‘Host’ And Its Host Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Virophages—Known and Unknown Facts

Tokarz-Deptuła,

Chrzanowska,

Gurgacz

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…The third megavirus of the genus Mimivirus, family Mimiviridae , is the Lentille virus (Table 1), isolated in 2012 from the amoeba A. polyphaga that was identified in a contact lens solution used by a patient. In this megavirus, a new virophage was found and named Sputnik 2 [7, 17]. For this megavirus that also has dsDNA (the arrangement has not been determined), there is no information on the symmetry of its capsid but, interestingly, extrachromosomal DNA, abundant in GC pairs, was found in it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protozoal giant viruses: agents potentially infectious to humans and animals

et al. 2019

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Sputnik virophage disrupts the transcriptional regulation of its host giant virus

Chen,

Ogata,

Hikida

2024

Preprint

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Sputnik virophages are small double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that replicate only inside host amoebae infected with giant dsDNA viruses, mimiviruses. Sputnik infection affects mimivirus replication, but their molecular interaction remains poorly understood. Here, we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis ofAcanthamoeba castellaniicells infected with Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) (hereafter referred to as Sputnik−cells) and those infected with both APMV and Sputnik 3 virophage (Sputnik+cells). The gene expression patterns of the amoebae were similar between these two conditions, whereas the expression of APMV genes was drastically affected by Sputnik, depending on the timing of their expression. Early expressed APMV genes showed similar expression patterns in both conditions at the early stage of infection. However, at late stages, their expression levels remained higher in Sputnik+cells than in Sputnik−cells, suggesting a prolongation of early gene expression by Sputnik. Late expressed APMV genes showed lower expression at earlier stages in Sputnik+cells, but their expression levels reached or exceeded those in Sputnik−cells at later stages, indicating a delay of gene expression. Overall, our results demonstrated that Sputnik infection drastically alters the transcriptome of APMV rather than amoeba, likely by disturbing the transition from early to late stages of APMV infection.

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Characteristics of virophages and giant viruses

Cited by 4 publications

References 38 publications

Virophages—Known and Unknown Facts

Virophages—Known and Unknown Facts

Protozoal giant viruses: agents potentially infectious to humans and animals

Sputnik virophage disrupts the transcriptional regulation of its host giant virus

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