Characteristics of Tigris River Bed at Mosul City, Iraq

Othman, Khalil I.; De-guan, Wang

doi:10.18307/2004.sup08

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…The surface layer is often called the paved or armoured layer. According to [ 13 ], rivers are considered paved if their surface and subsurface layers are composed of particles that are similar in their size, but lack sand and fine gravel in the surface layer. They are considered armoured if the particles of the surface layer are coarser than the subsurface layer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Variation of Riverbed Material due to Tropical Storms in Shi-Wen River, Taiwan

Lin

Wang

Tfwala

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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Taiwan, because of its location, is a flood prone region and is characterised by typhoons which brings about two-thirds to three quarters of the annual rainfall amount. Consequently, enormous flows result in rivers and entrain some fractions of the grains that constitute the riverbed. Hence, the purpose of the study is to quantify the impacts of these enormous flows on the distribution of grain size in riverbeds. The characteristics of riverbed material prior to and after the typhoon season are compared in Shi-Wen River located at southern Taiwan. These include grain size variation, bimodality, and roughness coefficient. A decrease (65%) and increase (50%) in geometric mean size of grains were observed for subsurface and surface bed material, respectively. Geometric standard deviation decreased in all sites after typhoon. Subsurface material was bimodal prior to typhoons and polymodal after. For surface material, modal class is in the gravel class, while after typhoons it shifts towards cobble class. The reduction in geometric mean resulted to a decrease in roughness coefficient by up to 30%. Finally, the relationship of Shields and Froude numbers are studied and a change in the bed form to antidunes and transition form is observed, respectively.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Variation of Riverbed Material due to Tropical Storms in Shi-Wen River, Taiwan

Lin

Wang

Tfwala

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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“…According to Wnetworth (1992) [67] grain size of coarse gravel and medium gravel were the dominant particle sizes along the considered river reach. The geometric standard deviation can be considered an indicator of the homogeneity of the bed material [13,15]. Variation of D50 (mm) for the surface and subsurface layers along the studied reach (Figure 11) has a negative trend towards the end of the studied reach.…”

Section: River Bed Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many researchers studied the morphological aspects of various reaches of the Tigris River such as Mosul, Baghdad, Kut, and Amaraa [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Most of these works are restricted to the geometry and/or the bed material of these reaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the importance of remaining reaches in terms of hydraulic and morphologic aspects of the river, extensive studies in this aspect are lacking. Othman and Deguan (2004) [13] conducted field and laboratory investigations for the characteristics of the Tigris River bed material downstream of Mosel Dam. Thereafter, Badowi et al (2019) [36] investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of bed sediment for the flood plain of the Tigris River within Tikrit City.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field and Satellite Images-Based Investigation of Rivers Morphological Aspects

2022

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Worldwide and especially in less developed regions, process-based evaluations and/or geomorphological information on large-scale rivers are still scarce. Such investigation become of ‎urgent ‎need due to the climate change and expected occurrence of extreme floods and drought which ‎may ‎threaten the safety of nearby and downstream cities, especially in regions that are highly sensitive and ‎affected by climatic changes. The Tigris River, in Iraq, is one such river that has undergone significant alteration to its flow and morphologic aspects due to climate change and the construction of many dams. However, morphology and its change for many reaches of this river are still uninvestigated. To this end, field and satellite-based investigations into the morphology of a reach located between Makhool District and Tikrit City have been conducted. In addition to the cross-sectional survey-based determination of the reach geometrical aspects, a sinuosity indices-based evaluation of the reach planform was implemented, utilizing a satellite indices-based approach. Furthermore, the characteristics of bed material were identified through field sampling. Investigation results show that the reach has a steep bed slope and many islands of low altitude with an elongated shape. The reach has a mild sinuosity with alternating bars. The dominant particle sizes of the bed material are coarse and medium gravel with a dominant particle shape of disc particles. Moreover, the satellite-based change detection indicated the fading out and disappearance of some secondary channels, the growth of many islands, and the movement of some bends downstream. The percentage of changing parts for the period 1975–2021 is 14%. Most of this change, 11%, occurred after the construction of the Mosul Dam. This reveals the sensitivity of reach morphology to flow change due to the construction of dams. The conducted fieldwork and the applied methodology contribute to supporting efforts to add knowledge worldwide about uninvestigated rivers. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-07-03 Full Text: PDF

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“…The adjustment of the Manning friction coefficient was used to match water level to field data. About 74% of the Tigris River bed within Mosul city is very coarse gravel (Othman and Deguan 2004), while the bed of the Tigris River within Baghdad city is mainly covered by sand (Ali et al 2012;Al-Ansari et al 2015). Manning coefficients in the Tigris River (Table 5) were selected based on values reported by Chow (1959).…”

Section: The Tigris Rivermentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic and Total Dissolved Solids Model of the Tigris River Using CE-QUAL-W2

Al-Murib

Wells

2019

Environ. Process.

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The headwaters of the Tigris River basin in Iraq is controlled by Turkey due to a series of dams constructed over the last few decades. Since Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the Tigris River within Baghdad and downstream cities can reach 1000 mg/L exceeding both drinking water and irrigation guidelines, a hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, of the river was developed to understand how changes in flow affect TDS downstream. A model of 880 km of the Tigris River from Mosul Dam to Kut Barrage including Tharthar Lake was constructed for 2009. Model development was challenging due to a lack of in-situ measurements for calibration. Comparison of flow measurements and model predictions at downstream locations agreed well with field measurements, with model flow errors generally less than 2%. We evaluated the effect of changing upstream flow cond itions on total dissolved solids concentrations in the Tigris River in order to see how headwater flow control affects TDS. A sensitivity study suggested that increasing upstream river flow by 15% results in about a 5% decrease in TDS concentration. It was recommended to maintain an average annual flow in the Tigris River within Baghdad above 420 m 3 /s to keep total dissolved solids concentration below 500 mg/L and to strictly control flows through Tharthar Lake and irrigation return flows into the mainstem of the Tigris River.

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Characteristics of Tigris River Bed at Mosul City, Iraq

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

The Variation of Riverbed Material due to Tropical Storms in Shi-Wen River, Taiwan

The Variation of Riverbed Material due to Tropical Storms in Shi-Wen River, Taiwan

Field and Satellite Images-Based Investigation of Rivers Morphological Aspects

Hydrodynamic and Total Dissolved Solids Model of the Tigris River Using CE-QUAL-W2

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