Characteristics of the Developmental Cycle of Actinophage  C31

Rodrı́guez, Ana; Caso, J.L.; Hardisson, Carlos; Súarez, Juan E.

doi:10.1099/00221287-132-6-1695

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It was suggested that the change in transcriptional specificity is probably not the result of covalent modification of RNA polymerase (as occurs in phages T4 and T7; Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 1988) nor is there any stable protein factor tightly bound to the hotoenzyme {analogous to the sigma-tike factor gp55 in T4 infection; Geiduschek and Kassavetis, 1988). Synthesis of a novel RNA polymerase during (t>C31 lytic growth is not excluded by current evidence but the presence of a T7-like RNA polymerase is unlikely as transcription after induction is rifampicin-sensitive (Rodriguez et al, 1986). Possibly, one of the immediate-early genes may specify a new sigma factor or a novel kind of transcription factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Similar evidence rules out dependence on the sigma factor specified by whiG, which is involved in sporuiation (Mendez and Chater, 1987 and unpublished;Chater etai, 1989). During (J)C31 induction, the host is known to undergo a change in transcriptional specificity; host RNA synthesis is shut off whilst phage transcription increases {Rodriguez et al. 1986;Clayton and Bibb, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiple novel promoters from the early region in the Streptomyces temperate phage φC31 are activated during lytic development

Ingham

Crombie

Bruton

et al. 1993

Molecular Microbiology

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Evidence is presented that transcription of most of the early genes in the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) phage phi C31 is from a series of unusual promoters that depend on a function expressed early in the phi C31 lytic cycle. Primer extension analysis on the 5' ends of three early mRNAs, from samples prepared 10 min after induction of a thermosensitive phi C31 lysogen, showed that the 5' ends all mapped close to highly similar sequences, which are proposed to be an important part of phage-specific promoters. In a shotgun cloning experiment, a fragment containing one of these sequences strongly activated transcription of the xyIE reporter gene in plaques of a phi C31-derived promoter-probe vector. Another of the sequences was inserted into a xyIE-containing promoter-probe plasmid vector, and promoted xyIE expression only when the host was supporting the lytic cycle of phi C31. This suggested that a transcription factor needed for activity of the promoters was present only in phi C31-infected cells. Examination of published and unpublished phi C31 sequence data revealed several more sequences that closely resemble the conserved region of the characterized promoters. Most of these are found in positions close to apparent transcription start sites mapped previously by low-resolution S1 mapping. An overall consensus sequence for the conserved region suggests a general organization (though not a primary sequence) resembling that of promoters recognized in other bacteria by the sigma 54 form of RNA polymerase.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple novel promoters from the early region in the Streptomyces temperate phage φC31 are activated during lytic development

Ingham

Crombie

Bruton

et al. 1993

Molecular Microbiology

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“…The uniqueness of each phage was confirmed by morphological studies of the phage particles and the host-range determination. Some Streptomyces phages were partially characterized through their physicochemical properties, plaque morphology, host-range and particles' morphology [15,18,19,34,35].…”

Section: Isolation Of Phages Infecting S Scabies Mr13mentioning

confidence: 99%

From yeast genetics to biotechnology

Maráz

2002

Acta Microbiologica Et Immunologica Hungarica

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Roots of classical yeast genetics go back to the early work of Lindegreen in the 1930s, who studied thallism, sporulation and inheritance of wine yeast strains belonging to S. cerevisiae. Consequent mutation and hybridization of heterothallic S. cerevisae strains resulted in the discovery of life cycle and mating type system, as well as construction of the genetic map. Elaboration of induced mutation and controlled hybridization of yeast strains opened up new possibilities for the genetic analysis of technologically important properties and for the production of improved industrial strains, but a big drawback was the widely different genetic properties of laboratory and industrial yeast strains. Genetic analysis and mapping of industrial strains were generally hindered because of homothallism, poor sporulation and/or low spore viability of brewing and wine yeast strains [1, 2]. In spite of this, there are a few examples of the application of sexual hybridization in the study of genetic control of important technological properties, e.g. sugar utilization, flocculation and flavor production in brewing yeast strains [3] or in the improvement of ethanol producing S. cerevisiae strains [4]. Rare mating and application of karyogamy deficient (kar-) mutants also proved useful in strain improvement [5]. Importance of yeasts in biotechnology is enormous. This includes food and beverage fermentation processes where a wide range of yeast species are playing role, but S. cerevisiae is undoubtedly the most important species among them. New biotechnology is aiming to improve these technologies, but besides this, a completely new area of yeast utilization has been emerged, especially in the pharmaceutical and medical areas. Without decreasing the importance of S. cerevisiae, numerous other yeast species, e.g. Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Yarrowia lipolytica have gained increasing potentialities in the modern fermentation biotechnology [6]. Developments in yeast genetics, biochemistry, physiology and process engineering provided bases of rapid development in modern biotechnology, but elaboration of the recombinant DNA technique is far the most important milestone in this field. Other molecular genetic techniques, as molecular genotyping of yeast strains proved also very beneficial in yeast fermentation technologies, because dynamics of both the natural and inoculated yeast biota could be followed by these versatile DNA-based techniques.

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“…Late gene expression occurs after the initiation of phage DNA synthesis, i.e., at least 10 min into the lytic cycle (18). Late transcripts, detectable at 20 min and later during lytic growth, map to the 18-kbp region to the left of the repressor gene and overlapping the cos ends (26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of a late promoter from the Streptomyces temperate phage phi C31

Howe

Smith

1996

J Bacteriol

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An operon expressed late in the lytic cycle of the Streptomyces temperate phage C31 was shown to be transcribed from an inducible promoter, lp (phage late promoter), which resembled the previously reported early promoters. mRNAs initiated at lp were processed at the 3 end (and possibly also the 5 end) of a tRNA Thr -like sequence, resulting in leaderless polycistronic mRNAs.Vectors developed from the temperate Streptomyces phage C31 are widely used to study the molecular genetics of these commercially important, antibiotic-producing bacteria (2,3,14,15). There is considerable scope for the further exploitation of the genetic components of C31, and it is one of our aims to design expression systems based on the regulation of the phage promoters. To date, two types of promoters from C31 have been characterized. (i) The immediate-early promoters are active in nonlysogens and in uninduced lysogens and must therefore be recognized by the host RNA polymerase (11,22,24,25,27). (ii) The phage-specific early promoters are active only after induction into the lytic cycle and presumably require the expression of at least one immediate-early phage gene, probably encoding a transcription factor such as sigma factor or an activator (10,12,27). Early promoters are characterized by a 21-bp consensus sequence located Ϫ9/Ϫ10 to Ϫ30/Ϫ31 bp from the transcription initiation point (10). Transcription of early genes was maximal at 10 min, and expression of a reporter gene fused to an early promoter peaked at 20 min after induction of a temperature-sensitive lysogen of Streptomyces coelicolor (10, 12). The purpose of this work was to characterize a late promoter.Late gene expression occurs after the initiation of phage DNA synthesis, i.e., at least 10 min into the lytic cycle (18). Late transcripts, detectable at 20 min and later during lytic growth, map to the 18-kbp region to the left of the repressor gene and overlapping the cos ends (26). A late operon is transcribed from the extreme right-hand end of the C31 genome, through cos and at least 3.6 kbp into the left-hand end (9, 26). Low-resolution S1 mapping using a 1.3-kbp probe that included the region shown in Fig. 1A demonstrated the presence of two major RNA 5Ј endpoints, 720 and 540 bp to the left of the KpnI restriction site adjacent to the right-hand cos end (9) (Fig. 1A). Analysis of the DNA sequence showed an 18 out of 21 bp match (at coordinates 173 to 194 according to reference 9) to the consensus early promoters, close to the position of the upstream 5Ј endpoint in the RNA (Fig. 1A). We show here that a DNA fragment containing this sequence, hereafter called lp (phage late promoter), confers late promoter activity.In order to demonstrate promoter activity, a DNA fragment containing the locations of the 5Ј endpoints of both mRNAs mapped by S1 nuclease and one containing only the position of the downstream endpoint (Fig. 1A) were amplified by PCR and inserted upstream of the promoterless xylE gene in pIJ4083 (5) to make pCHT304 and pCHO405, respectively. Primers 4.4 (5Ј T...

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Characteristics of the Developmental Cycle of Actinophage C31

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Multiple novel promoters from the early region in the Streptomyces temperate phage φC31 are activated during lytic development

Multiple novel promoters from the early region in the Streptomyces temperate phage φC31 are activated during lytic development

From yeast genetics to biotechnology

Characterization of a late promoter from the Streptomyces temperate phage phi C31

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