“…However, although online learning at the K-12 level has grown rapidly, research using LMS data at this level remains sparse (Lowes, 2014), especially compared to the amount of work in higher education. In addition, as we will see below, the existing research has looked at different variables and has yielded mixed and sometimes contradictory results (Davies & Graff, 2005;Dawson, McWilliam & Tan, 2008;Hung, Hsu, & Rice, 2012;Hung & Zhang, 2008;Liu & Cavanaugh, 2011a, 2011b, 2012Macfadyen & Dawson, 2010;Ramos & Yudko, 2008;Ryabov, 2012;Wang & Newlin, 2000;Wei, Peng, & Chou, 2015). This paper uses LMS data generated by approximately 700 high school students who were enrolled in 12 asynchronous cohort-paced online courses offered by Pamoja Education (PJE), the course provider for the International Baccalaureate (IB), in order to explore the link between LMS behaviours and course outcomes at the high school level.…”