Characteristics of salt appetite in chronically sodium-depleted rats using a progressive ratio schedule of procurement

Starr, Laura J; Rowland, Neil E.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.018

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The conclusion reached by Breslin et al (1993) appears most tenable: The hedonic valence of NaCl is altered-it doesn't taste different, it tastes better. The alteration in the hedonic, reinforcing qualities of NaCl is also consistent with behavioral experiments in which lever pressing, rather than lick rate, is measured (Quartermain et al 1967;Krieckhaus and Wolf 1968;McCutcheon and Levy 1972;Clark and Bernstein 2006;Starr and Rowland 2006), and those in which oromotor behaviors ("taste reactivity"), considered by some researchers to reflect hedonic evaluation, are measured (Berridge et al 1984;Na et al 2012). Finally, this idea is consistent with the effect of sodium depletion on central reward circuits (Clark and Bernstein 2004;Tindell et al 2006;Na et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

The Perceptual Characteristics of Sodium Chloride to Sodium-Depleted Rats

John

2016

CHEMSE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Three experiments assessed potential changes in the rat's perception of sodium chloride (NaCl) during a state of sodium appetite. In Experiment 1, sodium-sufficient rats licking a range of NaCl concentrations (0.028-0.89 M) in 15 s trials showed an inverted U-shaped concentration response function peaking at 0.281 M. Depleted rats (furosemide) showed an identical function, merely elevated, suggesting altered qualitative or hedonic perception but no change in perceived intensity. In Experiment 2, sodium-depleted rats were tested with NaCl, sodium gluconate, and potassium chloride (KCl; 0.028-0.89 M) similar to Experiment 1. KCl was licked at the same rate as water except for a slight elevation at 0.158; sodium gluconate and NaCl were treated similarly, but rats showed more licking for hypertonic sodium gluconate than hypertonic NaCl. Sodium-depleted rats were also tested with NaCl mixed in amiloride (10-300 μM). Amiloride reduced licking but did not alter the shape of the concentration-response function. Collectively, these results suggest that transduction of sodium by epithelial sodium channels (which are blocked by amiloride and are more dominant in sodium gluconate than NaCl transduction) is crucial for the perception of sodium during physiological sodium depletion. In Experiment 3, sodium-deplete rats were tested with NaCl as in Experiment 1 but after taste aversion conditioning to 0.3 M NaCl or sucrose. Rats conditioned to avoid NaCl but not sucrose failed to express a sodium appetite, strongly suggesting that NaCl does not undergo a change in taste quality during sodium appetite-rats show no confusion between sucrose and NaCl in this paradigm.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

The Perceptual Characteristics of Sodium Chloride to Sodium-Depleted Rats

John

2016

CHEMSE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Progressive ratio schedules model foraging in a natural setting; as resources are consumed in a given area, more effort is required to obtain them. This method has been used to quantify the motivation for sodium after body fluid depletion (Clark and Bernstein, 2006; Starr and Rowland, 2006). The present experiment used a two-bottle progressive ratio task to document the effects of mineralocorticoids and AngII on the relative effort-value of 3% sodium solution versus water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II on incentive and mesolimbic activity

Grafe

Flanagan‐Cato

2016

Hormones and Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The controls of thirst and sodium appetite are mediated in part by the hormones aldosterone and angiotensin II (AngII). The present study examined the behavioral and neural mechanisms of altered effort-value in animals treated with systemic mineralocorticoids, intracerebroventricular AngII, or both. First, rats treated with mineralocorticoid and AngII were tested in the progressive ratio operant task. The willingness to work for sodium versus water depended on hormonal treatment. In particular, rats treated with both mineralocorticoid and AngII preferentially worked for access to sodium versus water compared with rats given only one of these hormones. Second, components of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway were examined for modulation by mineralocorticoids and AngII. Based on cFos immunohistochemistry, AngII treatment activated neurons in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, with no enhancement by mineralocorticoid pretreatment. In contrast, western blot analysis revealed that combined hormone treatment increased levels of phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase in the ventral tegmental area. Thus, mineralocorticoid and AngII treatments differentially engaged the mesolimbic pathway based on tyrosine hydroxylase levels versus cFos activation.

show abstract

“…Starr and Rowland [13] have demonstrated that while volume depleted rats overconsume salt when given access to saline from a drinking spout these same rats do not overingest saline when given access in a progressive ratio task. However, rats depleted of sodium multiple times show a higher breakpoint on a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule [14] suggesting that this effect is context specific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt craving: The psychobiology of pathogenic sodium intake

Morris

Johnson

2008

Physiology & Behavior

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ionic sodium, obtained from dietary sources usually in the form of sodium chloride (NaCl, common table salt) is essential to physiological function, and in humans salt is generally regarded as highly palatable. This marriage of pleasant taste and physiological utility might appear fortunate -an appealing taste helps to ensure that such a vital substance is ingested. However, the powerful mechanisms governing sodium retention and sodium balance are unfortunately best adapted for an environment in which few humans still exist. Our physiological and behavioral means for maintaining body sodium and fluid homeostasis evolved in hot climates where sources of dietary sodium were scarce. For many reasons, contemporary diets are high in salt and daily sodium intakes are excessive. High sodium consumption can have pathological consequences. Although there are a number of obstacles to limiting salt ingestion, high sodium intake, like smoking, is a modifiable behavioral risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the psychobiological mechanisms that promote and maintain excessive dietary sodium intake. Of particular importance are experiencedependent processes including the sensitization of the neural systems underlying sodium appetite and the effects of sodium balance on hedonic state and mood. Accumulating evidence suggests that plasticity within the central nervous system as a result of experience with high salt intake, sodium depletion, or a chronic unresolved sodium appetite fosters enduring changes in sodium related appetitive and consummatory behaviors.

show abstract

Characteristics of salt appetite in chronically sodium-depleted rats using a progressive ratio schedule of procurement

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

The Perceptual Characteristics of Sodium Chloride to Sodium-Depleted Rats

The Perceptual Characteristics of Sodium Chloride to Sodium-Depleted Rats

Differential effects of mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II on incentive and mesolimbic activity

Salt craving: The psychobiology of pathogenic sodium intake

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About