Characteristics of rootless cone tephra emplaced by high-energy lava–water explosions

Fitch, Erin P.; Fagents, S. A.

doi:10.1007/s00445-020-01393-5

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Thorarinsson, 1964;Fagents and Thordarson, 2007;Wohletz et al, 2013;Verolino et al, 2018Verolino et al, , 2019Dürig et al, 2020aDürig et al, , 2020b, including areas dominated by lava flow effusions (e.g. Lorenz and Haneke, 2004;Hamilton et al, 2010;Fitch and Fagents, 2020). Although we found no direct evidence of past explosive magma-water interaction on the BVF, the abundance of water in this area may lead to such activity in case of eruption.…”

Section: The Role Of External Water In Potential Explosive Activity On the Bvfcontrasting

confidence: 46%

Assessing Volcanic Hazard and Exposure at Obscure Volcanic Fields: A Case Study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos

Verolino

2022

Preprint

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Southeast Asia hosts a large number of active and well-studied volcanoes, the majority of which are located in Indonesia and the Philippines. Northern Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) also hosts volcanoes that for several reasons (post-World War II conflicts, poor accessibility due to dense vegetation, no known historical activity) have been little studied. Systematic assessments of the threat these volcanoes pose to resident populations do not exist, despite evidence of numerous eruptions through the late Pleistocene and likely even during the Holocene. A recent study that inferred the location of the Australasian meteorite impact (which produced the largest known tektite strewn field on Earth) beneath the Bolaven Volcanic Field in southern Laos provided a wealth of data for that volcanic field, in particular, mapping of vents and flows, and their absolute ages. Building upon this foundation, we used the Bolaven Volcanic Field as a case study for assessing the potential exposure of populations and infrastructure to lava flows during future eruptions there.Our study uses remote sensing of past flows, lava-flow simulations and open-access exposure data, to assess hazards and exposure. Our results show that future vents are most likely to occur in a N-S band atop the Bolaven Plateau, with some flows channelled into canyons that spill down the plateau flanks onto lower plains that support more populated areas such as the provincial centre, Pakse. Our exposure assessment suggests that around 300,000 people could experience socio-economic impacts from future eruptions. The largest impacts would be on two of the main economic sectors in the region, agriculture and hydropower. The potential also exists for life-threatening explosions from interactions between magma and surface waters, which are abundant in the region. We estimate an Average Recurrence Interval of approximately 10,400 years.

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Section: The Role Of External Water In Potential Explosive Activity On the Bvfcontrasting

confidence: 46%

Assessing Volcanic Hazard and Exposure at Obscure Volcanic Fields: A Case Study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos

Verolino

2022

Preprint

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Section: The Role Of External Water In Potential Explosive Activity On the Bvfmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…there is no involvement of new magma, and the explosions can take place even kilometres away from the vent), forming rootless cones (e.g. Boreham et al, 2020;Fitch and Fagents, 2020). Secondary phreatomagmatic explosions are more likely if there is interaction between fresh low-viscous lava and water-saturated sediments in an unconfined environment (Zimanowski and Wohletz, 2000;Schipper et al, 2011).…”

Section: The Role Of External Water In Potential Explosive Activity On the Bvfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases they are relatively weak, with erupted products confined to maximum a few ten of meters from the secondary vent (e.g. Fagents and Thordarson, 2007;Fitch and Fagents, 2020), however, Belousov et al (2011) showed that they can be equivalent to primary phreatomagmatic eruptions in terms of magnitude and potential hazards (formation of a vertical eruptive columns up to 7 km high, and pyroclastic flows travelled up to 2 km from the explosion site), if they occur on steep slopes. A common scenario of these interactions is a lava flow entering a river, lake, or ocean, without causing an explosion.…”

Section: The Role Of External Water In Potential Explosive Activity On the Bvfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing Volcanic Hazard and Exposure at Obscure Volcanic Fields: A Case Study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos

Verolino

Jenkins

Sieh

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Southeast Asia hosts a large number of active and well-studied volcanoes, the majority of which are located in Indonesia and the Philippines. Northern Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) also hosts volcanoes that for several reasons (post-World War II conflicts, poor accessibility due to dense vegetation, no known historical activity) have been little studied. Systematic assessments of the threat these volcanoes pose to resident populations do not exist, despite evidence of numerous eruptions through the late Pleistocene and likely even during the Holocene. A recent study that inferred the location of the Australasian meteorite impact (which produced the largest known tektite strewn field on Earth) beneath the Bolaven Volcanic Field in southern Laos provided a wealth of data for that volcanic field, in particular, mapping of vents and flows, and their absolute ages. Building upon this foundation, we used the Bolaven Volcanic Field as a case study for assessing the potential exposure of populations and infrastructure to lava flows during future eruptions there. Our study uses remote sensing of past flows, lava-flow simulations and open-access exposure data, to assess hazards and exposure. Our results show that future vents are most likely to occur in a N-S band atop the Bolaven Plateau, with some flows channelled into canyons that spill down the plateau flanks onto lower plains that support more populated areas such as the provincial centre, Pakse. Our exposure assessment suggests that around 300,000 people could experience socio-economic impacts from future eruptions. The largest impacts would be on two of the main economic sectors in the region, agriculture and hydropower. The potential also exists for life-threatening explosions from interactions between magma and surface waters, which are abundant in the region. We estimate an Average Recurrence Interval of approximately 10,400 years.

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“…For unwitnessed explosive eruptions, volcanologists rely on pyroclastic deposits to reconstruct eruptive styles, modes of transport/deposition, dispersal and fragmentation processes within various volcanic contexts (e.g., Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy: Wohletz et al 1995;Pistolesi et al 2017; Vesuvius stratovolcano, Italy: Cioni et al 2003;Gurioli et al 2010;Sulpizio et al 2010;various monogenetic volcanoes: White 1991;Agustín-Flores et al 2015;Graettinger and Valentine 2017;Fitch and Fagents 2020). Even for witnessed eruptions, some aspects of eruption dynamics, such as magma ascent, vesiculation and primary fragmentation can only be reconstructed from pyroclastic deposits, with a particular focus on juvenile fragments (e.g., Thivet et al 2020a, b, c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardized analysis of juvenile pyroclasts in comparative studies of primary magma fragmentation; 1. Overview and workflow

et al. 2021

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Juvenile pyroclasts, especially in the ash size range, provide important information on primary fragmentation processes, i.e. initial explosive magma fragmentation, and on the state of the magma both prior to and at the point of fragmentation and quenching. There exists an extensive body of literature focusing on the quantification of juvenile particle morphology (shape), internal textures and surface features spanning several decades, however a standardized method has yet to emerge for comparative studies. No community-wide consensus currently exists (i) regarding the most representative size fraction(s) to be examined, (ii) on sample preparation procedures (such as whether to use whole particle silhouettes or 2D cross-sections), (iii) on imaging techniques and image acquisition parameters, or (iv) on the optimal morphometric parameters to measure. Lack of a standardized method precludes robust comparison between different studies and laboratories. We propose here a preliminary "best practices" and workflow for characterization of juvenile pyroclasts, for comparative studies of primary fragmentation. If the community follows such a standardized method, it will become possible to accumulate a large volume of consistent data on juvenile pyroclasts from a range of eruption styles, fragmentation mechanisms, and magma compositions. This will ultimately allow deeper insights into the full panoply of magma-to-pyroclast processes that drive particle-producing volcanic eruptions. One or more "fragmentation diagrams" may eventually be developed to allow different types of magmatic and phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions to be distinguished based on their products.

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Characteristics of rootless cone tephra emplaced by high-energy lava–water explosions

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Assessing Volcanic Hazard and Exposure at Obscure Volcanic Fields: A Case Study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos

Assessing Volcanic Hazard and Exposure at Obscure Volcanic Fields: A Case Study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos

Assessing Volcanic Hazard and Exposure at Obscure Volcanic Fields: A Case Study from the Bolaven Volcanic Field, Laos

Standardized analysis of juvenile pyroclasts in comparative studies of primary magma fragmentation; 1. Overview and workflow

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