Abstract:The ambient air concentrations of PM10 were observed in Bangkok and its vicinity areas including Nonthaburi and Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. The selected study areas are located near heavy-traffic roads with a high concentration of traffic-related air pollution. The ambient air samples were collected in the winter season (October 2019 to February 2020). The highest average level of PM10 was found in Nonthaburi (66.63 µg/m3), followed by Bangkok (56.79 µg/m3) and Nakhon Pathom (40.18 µg/m3), respectively. The morph… Show more
“…The metals with the highest concentrations in the sub-micron range were magnesium, aluminium, iron, zinc, copper and chromium. Phairuang et al ( 2021 ) also showed that iron, copper, magnesium, zinc, chromium, potassium, sodium and lead were high in the ultrafine (PM 0.1 ) range and Kanjanasiranont et al ( 2022 ) found that copper, chromium and iron were dominant in the ambient PM 10 concentration in Bangkok and its vicinity areas including Nonthaburi and Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biomass burning peaks occur in Thailand and surrounding countries between December and March (Vadrevu et al 2019 ), and Dejchanchaiwong et al ( 2020 ) identified that high PM 2.5 and PM 0.1 concentration haze events in Bangkok during December 2018 were likely to be caused by aerosol transport from Cambodia and central and northeastern Thailand. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of PM 1 particles measured between January and February 2020 in Bangkok revealed chains of spherical particles typical of combustion sources (Kanjanasiranont et al 2022 ). We measured some of the highest masses in February, March and April.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Metal concentrations (C) have been normalised by dividing by the bin width size of each impactor stage (Dp) on a log scale, as is commonly used to represent typical size distributions encountered in atmospheric aerosol science. A version of this figure without normalisation can be found in supplementary materials (Kanjanasiranont et al 2022). We measured some of the highest masses in February, March and April.…”
Section: Mass Number and Metal Distributionsmentioning
Inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a health concern, and people living in large cities such as Bangkok are exposed to high concentrations. This exposure has been linked to respiratory and cardiac diseases and cancers of the lung and brain. Throughout 2018, PM was measured in northern Bangkok near a toll road (13.87°N, 100.58°E) covering all three seasons (cool, hot and rainy). PM10 was measured in 24- and 72-h samples. On selected dates aerodynamic size and mass distribution were measured as 3-day samples from a fixed 5th floor inlet. Particle number concentration was measured from the 5th floor inlet and in roadside survey measurements. There was a large fraction of particle number concentration in the sub-micron range, which showed the greatest variability compared with larger fractions. Metals associated with combustion sources were most found on the smaller size fraction of particles, which may have implications for associated adverse health outcomes because of the likely location of aerosol deposition in the distal airways of the lung. PM10 samples varied between 30 and 100 μg m−3, with highest concentrations in the cool season. The largest metal fractions present in the PM10 measurements were calcium, iron and magnesium during the hot season with average airborne concentrations of 13.2, 3.6 and 2.0 μg m−3, respectively. Copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony and lead had large non-crustal sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified likely sources of the metals as crustal minerals, tailpipe exhaust and non-combustion traffic. A health risk analysis showed a higher risk of both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects in the drier seasons than the wet season due to ingestion of nickel, arsenic, cadmium and lead.
Graphical abstract
“…The metals with the highest concentrations in the sub-micron range were magnesium, aluminium, iron, zinc, copper and chromium. Phairuang et al ( 2021 ) also showed that iron, copper, magnesium, zinc, chromium, potassium, sodium and lead were high in the ultrafine (PM 0.1 ) range and Kanjanasiranont et al ( 2022 ) found that copper, chromium and iron were dominant in the ambient PM 10 concentration in Bangkok and its vicinity areas including Nonthaburi and Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biomass burning peaks occur in Thailand and surrounding countries between December and March (Vadrevu et al 2019 ), and Dejchanchaiwong et al ( 2020 ) identified that high PM 2.5 and PM 0.1 concentration haze events in Bangkok during December 2018 were likely to be caused by aerosol transport from Cambodia and central and northeastern Thailand. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of PM 1 particles measured between January and February 2020 in Bangkok revealed chains of spherical particles typical of combustion sources (Kanjanasiranont et al 2022 ). We measured some of the highest masses in February, March and April.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Metal concentrations (C) have been normalised by dividing by the bin width size of each impactor stage (Dp) on a log scale, as is commonly used to represent typical size distributions encountered in atmospheric aerosol science. A version of this figure without normalisation can be found in supplementary materials (Kanjanasiranont et al 2022). We measured some of the highest masses in February, March and April.…”
Section: Mass Number and Metal Distributionsmentioning
Inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a health concern, and people living in large cities such as Bangkok are exposed to high concentrations. This exposure has been linked to respiratory and cardiac diseases and cancers of the lung and brain. Throughout 2018, PM was measured in northern Bangkok near a toll road (13.87°N, 100.58°E) covering all three seasons (cool, hot and rainy). PM10 was measured in 24- and 72-h samples. On selected dates aerodynamic size and mass distribution were measured as 3-day samples from a fixed 5th floor inlet. Particle number concentration was measured from the 5th floor inlet and in roadside survey measurements. There was a large fraction of particle number concentration in the sub-micron range, which showed the greatest variability compared with larger fractions. Metals associated with combustion sources were most found on the smaller size fraction of particles, which may have implications for associated adverse health outcomes because of the likely location of aerosol deposition in the distal airways of the lung. PM10 samples varied between 30 and 100 μg m−3, with highest concentrations in the cool season. The largest metal fractions present in the PM10 measurements were calcium, iron and magnesium during the hot season with average airborne concentrations of 13.2, 3.6 and 2.0 μg m−3, respectively. Copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, antimony and lead had large non-crustal sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified likely sources of the metals as crustal minerals, tailpipe exhaust and non-combustion traffic. A health risk analysis showed a higher risk of both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects in the drier seasons than the wet season due to ingestion of nickel, arsenic, cadmium and lead.
Graphical abstract
“…Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand, is one of the megacities in SEA with high concentrations of residents and traffic congestion. Many studies have concluded that the particulate pollution in the Bangkok metropolitan region (BMR) is mainly from land transportation [46][47][48][49]. The mass concentration of PM 0.1 in the BMR ranges from 7.7-18.9 µg/m 3, a number that is higher than that in Western countries such as those of Europe and the USA; however, it is in the same range as other Asian megacities such as Shanghai [50].…”
Nanoparticles (NPs), nanoaerosols (NAs), ultrafine particles (UFPs), and PMs0.1 (diameters ≤ 0.1 µm or 100 nm) are used interchangeably in the field of atmospheric studies. This review article summarizes recent research on PM0.1 in Thailand. The review involved peer-reviewed papers that appeared in the Scopus and the Web of Science databases and included the most recently published articles in the past 10 years (2013–2022). PM0.1 mainly originate from combustion processes such as in motor vehicles. The highest mass concentration of PMs0.1 occurs during the dry season, in which open fires occur in some regions of Thailand. The northern area of the country has higher PM0.1 mass concentrations, followed by the central and southern areas. Carbonaceous nanoaerosols are produced during normal periods, and the proportions of organic to elemental carbon and char to soot suggest that these originate from motor vehicles. However, in haze periods, biomass fires can also produce carbon-containing particles. PM0.1 pollution from local and cross-border countries also needs to be considered. The overall conclusions reached will likely have a beneficial long-term impact on achieving a blue sky over Thailand through the development of coherent policies and managing new air pollution challenges and sharing knowledge with a broader audience.
“…In contrast, it contributes only slightly (10-20%) to the total PM concentration. [46,47,48,49]. The mass concentration of PM0.1 in the BMR ranges from 7.7 -18.9 (µg/m 3 ) a number that is higher than that in western countries such as Europe and the USA; however, it is in the same range as other Asian megacities such as Shanghai [50].…”
Section: Pm01 Particle Mass Concentration and Particle Number Concent...mentioning
Nanoparticles (NP), Nanoaerosols (NA), ultrafine particles (UFP), and PM0.1 (particles with a diameter ≤ 0.1 µm or 100 nm) are interchangeably used in the field of atmospheric studies. PM0.1 are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The main emission sources of PM0.1 are combustion processes, including biomass and fossil fuel. Moreover, secondary formation via atmospheric photochemical reactions can also occur depending on meteorological conditions and the suspended pollutant species. Identifying the physical and chemical characteristics and spatial and temporal variations is vital in terms of understanding the effect of NPs on the environment, the global climate, and human health risks. This review article summarizes recent research on PM0.1 in Thailand. The review involves peer-reviewed papers from Scopus and the Web of Science databases, and includes the most recently published articles in the past ten years (2013-2022). UFPs mainly come from the combustion processes such as motor vehicles. The high mass concentration of PM0.1 that occurs during the dry season in which open fires depend on the specific region of Thailand. Particulate pollution from local and cross-border countries also needs to be considered in terms of the concentrations of ambient nanoparticles. The overall conclusions reached will likely have a beneficial long-term impact on achieving a blue sky over Thailand through the development of coherent policies and managing new air pollution challenges and sharing knowledge with a broader audience.
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