Characteristics of Persistent Organic Pollutant Emissions from a Diesel-Engine Generator Fueled Using Blends of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel and Fossil Diesel

Chen

et al. 2017

Self Cite

This investigation focuses on the effects on emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)) from a diesel engine fuelled by 20 vol% waste cooking oil-based biodiesel (W20) blended with various fractions of dehydrate/hydrous butanol (B/B′) and acetone (A/A′). The emission concentrations of the POPs were in the order PBDE ≫ PBDD/F > PCB > PCDD/F, regardless of the blending fuel or engine load. The POP with highest concentration was PBDE, being 2-3 times that of the others. Conversely, the magnitude of emitted toxicity followed the order PCDD/F > PCB ≈ PBDD/F, while PCDD/F emissions had about 10 times the toxicity concentrations of PCBs and PBDD/Fs. Among the dioxin compounds, the emissions of PCDDs represented 46-73% (average 57%) and 50-72% (average 59%) of total PCDD/F mass and toxicity concentrations, respectively, and were which and were thus significantly higher than those of PCDFs. The non-ortho-PCB contributed almost all toxicity (~100%) of 14 dioxin-like-PCBs, even though its contribution in mass was only 9-32% (average 16%) among the congeners. Similarly, PBDFs accounted for ~100% of toxicity of PBDD/Fs. Additionally, deca-BDEs contributed to most of the mass emissions of PBDEs (47.0-90.5%, 82.4% in average), while nona-BDEs and tri-to octaBDEs only contributed 10% and 8%, respectively. The reductions of the absolute mass concentrations of POPs from W20 were in the order PBDEs >> PBDD/Fs > PCDD/Fs ≈ PCBs for all multi-component diesel blends. The reduction fractions of POPs were in the order PCDD/F > PCB ≈ PBDD/F > PBDE, and those of TEQ were PCDD/F > PCB > PBDD/F. Thus, the addition of butanol and acetone, whether pure or hydrous, could further lower the POP emissions from W20.

Section: Comprehensive Discussion Among Four Pops Emitted From Dieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Organic Pollutant Reductions from a Diesel Engine Generator Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil-based Biodiesel Blended with Butanol and Acetone

Tsai

Chen

et al. 2017

Self Cite

“…(2) Start of waste feeding and increasing feed rate until design load is reached (Gass et al, 2002;. Several studies have investigated the effect of the combustion of a WCO-based biodiesel on the emission of toxic air pollutants from a diesel engine (Muralidharan and Vasudevan, 2011;Chang et al, 2014;Tsai et al, 2016). These studies dealt with the emissions from industrial boilers and diesel-engine generators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous researches on applications of waste cooking oils such soap making, biodiesel production, co-combustion in diesel engines, furnaces and burners (Ramadhas et al, 2004;Zheng et al, 2006;Lu et al, 2013;Chang et al, 2014;Mahfouz et al, 2015;Tsai et al, 2015a, b;Tsai et al, 2016) as a raw material and because waste cooking oil is relatively cheaper (Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010). On the other hand, waste cooking oil has high free fatty acids (FFA) content, high water content, and impurities which affects their beneficial uses like in soap making and biodiesel production (Leung and Guo, 2006;Predojević, 2008;Sabudak and Yildiz, 2010), while high viscosity values poses problems in pumping and injection in diesel engines (Kalam et al, 2011;Mwangi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PBDE Emissions during the Start-up Procedure of an Industrial Waste Incinerator by the Co-Combustion of Waste Cooking Oil and Diesel Fuel

Redfern

Wang

et al. 2017

This study examined the effect of using waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative of diesel on PBDE emissions during the start-up of an industrial waste incinerator (IWI). The co-combustions were designed with 0, 40, and 60% WCO injection and become D100, W40D60, and W60D40 multi-fuel combustions. The flue gas was sampled during 4 temperature stages of the furnace:The highest PBDE level was found in Stage A and sharply declined in Stage B by using diesel. The reduction of total PBDE was a competitive result between residue releasing and thermal decomposition in Stage B. The WCO were found to slightly increased the PBDE emissions during the Stage C and D, which provided the suitable temperature for PBDE formation (600-800°C). Therefore, the viscosity became an important control factor when the WCO were utilized as an alternative fuel in IWI operation. The accumulated PBDE emissions during the start-up procedure were 1,099, 1,253, and 1,207 µg by using D100, W40D60, and W60D40, respectively. Additionally, the annual PBDE emissions contributed by start-up procedures increased up to 4.60%, 5.47%, and 5.20% by three fuel combinations, respectively, if the IWI restarted once per month, and became a noticeable issue. Therefore, avoiding unnecessary start-ups was an essential criterion for IWI operation. The small increases (< 1%) of PBDE emissions by altering 40% and 60% diesel with WCO provided a useful information for WCO treatment. This new disposal for waste oil also created a good demonstration of Circular Economy. The overall life-cycle analysis was suggested to be investigated in the following research.

“…However, there are still no regulations on POP emissions from mobile sources (Cheruiyot et al, 2016). Several studies have studied ways to reduce these POP emissions e.g., by testing biofuels and biofuels-diesel blends and water containing alcohol blends with positive results in terms of POP emission reduction (Mwangi et al, 2015a, b;Tsai et al, 2015Tsai et al, , 2016. Laroo et al (2011) studied the PCDD/F and PCB emissions under steady state and found the emission factors of CuZ-SCR HT, CuZ-SCR LT (A 20 Hp difference in power between HT and LT), and FeZ-SCR to be 1.6 pg I-TEQ L , and 2.78 pg I-TEQ L -1 and 0.04 pg WHO-TEQ L -1 , respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Selective Catalytic Reduction on the Emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Cheruiyot

Wang

et al. 2017

The emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from diesel engines is becoming more important due to their proximity to human beings compared to stationary sources whose emission have been well controlled over the years. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) have been adopted in the heavy-duty diesel engine (HDDE) to reduce the nitrogen oxide (NO x ). SCR has also been reported to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, the memory effect and reformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during SCR operation are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of Copper-zeolite SCR (CuZ SCR) on PCDD/F, PCB, polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PBDD/F), and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) emissions from a HDDE at 50% and 75% engine load. Notably, PCDD/F and PCB toxicity emissions increased by 78.4% and 201%, respectively. The dominant PCDD/F congeners were OCDD, OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and PCB-105, PCB-118 and PCB-77 for PCBs. More PCDFs were formed compared to PCDDs and lower chlorinated congeners increased more than the higher chlorinated ones. There was also an increase of PBDD/F concentrations from undetectable levels (ND) to 0.247 pg TEQ Nm -3 (4.00 pg TEQ L -1 ) after the SCR. However, only 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF contributed to the concentrations. PBBs was the only compound measured that reduced after the SCR. The only congener detected before and after the SCR was PBB 15. Consequently, the CuZ SCR could be a source of POPs under mid and high engine loads in this study. Further detail research is required to focus on the formation of POPs on the catalyst surfaces and structures.