Characteristics of Orographic Rain Drop-Size Distribution at Cherrapunji, Northeast India

Murata, Fumie; Terao, Toru; Chakravarty, Kaustav; Syiemlieh, Hiambok Jones; Cajee, Laitpharlang

doi:10.3390/atmos11080777

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Conversely, Mawsynram is situated on the opposite side of the hills, experiencing the rain shadow effect. This phenomenon causes the descending air to warm, leading to reduced rainfall in Cherrapunji compared to Mawsynram [63].…”

Section: Figure 2 Conceptual Model Of the Airflow And Microphysics Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic-Geomorphological Investigation of the World's Wettest Areas around Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, Meghalaya (India)

Pareta,

Pareta

2023

Earth Sciences and Human Constructions

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This research paper comprehensively examines the climate and geomorphological features of Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, aiming to understand the factors and environmental implications of their extreme precipitation. The study investigates climatic patterns, identifies geomorphological characteristics, and explores the factors influencing the occurrence of heavy rainfall in these areas, and displays unique rainfall patterns with high precipitation levels and notable spatio-temporal variation influenced by topographic interactions. Trend analysis reveals stable rainfall conditions over the past 122 years. The shift of the world's wettest place from Cherrapunji to Mawsynram in recent decades have been attributed to various factors such as geographical location, geomorphology-local topography, LULC-human influence, rain shadow effect, and orographic lifting effects. Cherrapunji recorded maximum rainfall of 24.55 thousand mm, while Mawsynram received 26 thousand mm of rainfall in the last century. The analysis of long-term rainfall data indicates distinct dry and wet seasons, with recent trends (2000-2020) suggesting a decline in rainfall for both locations. Furthermore, extreme value analysis techniques are employed to estimate maximum rainfall for different return periods, offering insights into extreme rainfall events. The return period of one day's highest rainfall of 1340.82 mm is about 100 years. The findings contribute to our understanding of climate change impacts, support sustainable development practices, and inform strategies for water resource management and erosion mitigation in similar geographic contexts. This research enhances our knowledge of these unique regions and their significance within the broader context of global climate systems.

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Section: Figure 2 Conceptual Model Of the Airflow And Microphysics Of...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic-Geomorphological Investigation of the World's Wettest Areas around Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, Meghalaya (India)

Pareta,

Pareta

2023

Earth Sciences and Human Constructions

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“…Alternatively, we can derive a and b using the local rain by relating the rainfall rate and attenuation (A) as follows. Using the availability of the rainfall parameters, including the raindrop size distribution measurement from a local disdrometer, we can estimate the PSD based on Equation (1) and the rain-induced attenuation (A) by an integral of all the water drop sizes [39][40][41]:…”

Section: Estimation Of Rain-induced Attenuation Over Millimeter-wave Linksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Rain-Induced Attenuation over Signal Links at Frequency Ranges of 25 and 38 GHz Observed in Beijing

et al. 2021

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Wireless communication has become a very important part of our lives, and it is well known that meteorological factors affect the quality of communication links, especially at higher frequencies because the physical dimensions of raindrops, hail stones, and snowflakes are on a similar wavelength to the propagating radio frequency. Millimeter-waves are an important technology for fifth-generation cellular networks which are currently being deployed all over the world. Since atmospheric effects are challenging in millimeter-wave transmissions, in this paper, we conducted line-of-sight field measurements at 25 GHz and 38 GHz. We monitored the received signal during rainfall events and compared the theoretical attenuation and the recorded rain-induced attenuation. We also derived the rain-induced attenuation (A) and rainfall rate (R) relation for stratiform and convective rain, respectively, using local rain drop size distribution (DSD) information at our measurement site collected during the period of two years. Furthermore, opportunistic sensing of atmospheric phenomena using microwave or millimeter-wave communication links in commercial cellular networks has recently attracted more attention in meteorological research worldwide. The accuracy of calculating rainfall rates from microwave links highly depends on the retrieval model and values of coefficients in the model, i.e., a and b of the A-R relation model. Here, the coefficients a and b are estimated based on local DSD measurement, and the performance of the improved A-R model is evaluated using propagated signal power based on measurement data. Compared to the (a, b) coefficients in the International Telecommunication Union Recommendation (ITU-R) P.838 document, the derived coefficients achieved an improved rainfall rate estimation.

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“…Similar conclusions were reached by Dolan et al [30], who identified two distinct DSD types from global observations, both of which resulted in heavy rainfall characterized by relatively large average raindrop sizes (smaller), the number concentration was relatively low (high), corresponding to warm rain (ice-based) convection. The characteristics of DSD also varied significantly within specific convective systems [31][32][33]. Such complexity of heavy precipitation DSD observations has posed a major challenge to the comprehensive parameterization of microphysics and the accuracy of quantitative precipitation forecasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Events Based on a PWS100 Disdrometer in the Alpine Mountains, Eastern Tianshan, China

Chen,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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As a key component of the hydrological cycle, knowledge and comprehension of precipitation formation and evolution are of leading significance. This study investigates the statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution for heavy precipitation events with observations collected by a Present Weather Sensor (PWS100) disdrometer located in the alpine area of eastern Tianshan, China. The characteristics are quantified based on heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events classified using the rainfall intensity and the precipitation-related weather codes (US National Weather Service). On average, the heavy precipitation events in the headwaters of the Urumqi River are dominated by medium-sized (2–4 mm) raindrops. As well, we investigate mass-weighted mean diameter–normalized intercept parameter scatterplots, which demonstrate that the heavy precipitation events in alpine regions of the Tianshan Mountains can be identified as maritime-like clusters. The concentration of raindrops in heavy precipitation is the highest overall, while the concentration of raindrops in heavy snow is the lowest when the diameter is lower than 1.3 mm. The power–law relationships of radar reflectivity (Z) and rain rate (R) [Z = ARb] for the heavy rain, heavy snow, and hail precipitation events are also calculated. The Z–R relationship of heavy rain and heavy snow in this work has a lower coefficient value of A (10 and 228.7, respectively) and a higher index value of b (2.6 and 2.1, respectively), and the hail events are the opposite (A = 551.5, b = 1.3), compared to the empirical relation (Z = 300R1.4). Furthermore, the possible thermodynamics and general atmospheric circulation that cause the distinctions in the raindrop size distribution characteristics between alpine areas and other parts of the Tianshan Mountains are also debated in this work. The headwaters of the Urumqi River in alpine areas have relatively colder and wetter surroundings in the near-surface layer than the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains during the precipitation process. Meanwhile, a lower temperature, a higher relative humidity, a more efficient collision coalescence mechanism, and glacier local microclimate effects (temperature jump, inverse glacier temperature, glacier wind) at the headwaters of the Urumqi River during the precipitation process are probably partly responsible for more medium- and large-size drops in the mountains.

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Characteristics of Orographic Rain Drop-Size Distribution at Cherrapunji, Northeast India

Cited by 19 publications

References 66 publications

Climatic-Geomorphological Investigation of the World's Wettest Areas around Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, Meghalaya (India)

Climatic-Geomorphological Investigation of the World's Wettest Areas around Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, Meghalaya (India)

Characteristics of Rain-Induced Attenuation over Signal Links at Frequency Ranges of 25 and 38 GHz Observed in Beijing

Raindrop Size Distribution Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Events Based on a PWS100 Disdrometer in the Alpine Mountains, Eastern Tianshan, China

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