Characteristics of lime produced from limestone containing diatoms

Abstract

In this study lime binder used in stone and brick masonry mortars of some historic Ottoman baths was examined to understand whether the binders were hydraulic or not. For this purpose the mineralogical and elemental compositions and the microstructure of lime binder were determined by XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA analyses. The results indicate that the lime used in the brick dome mortars of Ottoman baths was hydraulic. Taking into account the kiln and fuel conditions of the 15th century, the possibility of obtaining hydraulic lime at relatively low temperature was examined. For this purpose limestone containing diatoms was heated at a relatively low temperature (850°C), then slaked and carbonated. After heating and slaking, calcium silicate giving hydraulicity to the lime was indicated by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. These results show that the production of hydraulic lime at a relatively low calcination temperature (850°C) was possible with 15th century kilns.

Low Temperature Synthesis of Belite Cement Based on Silica Fume and Lime

“…Unreacted silica gives rise to its absorption band at 1101 (Si–O–Si asymmetric stretching vibration) [31] and unreacted lime gives rise to its absorption band at 3643 and 1450–1500 cm −1 (vibrations of OH group and Ca–O stretching vibration) [32]. Calcite arising from partial carbonation of unreacted lime gives its absorption bands at 2530, 1800, 1420, 840, and 700 cm −1 [33]. The existence of unreacted lime and silica indicates that the hydrothermal treatment of the lime/silica mixture (Ca/Si = 2/1) at 110°C for 2 hours does not drive the reaction to completion.…”

Material Characterization of Byzantine Period Brick Masonry Walls Revealed in Istanbul (Turkey)

“…However, it has been concluded that the hydraulic lime could be produced at a relatively low temperatures as 850°C, e.g., by the calcining of limestone containing diatoms or fossils [21,22]. The estimated brick firing temperatures (850-900°C) for the investigated building show that these firing temperatures could be obtained in that period and the hydraulic lime may be used if the raw limestone contained the specific impurities.…”

Inspection and Numerical Analysis of an Ottoman Railway Bridge in Jordan

“…Moreover, it is hard to obtain suitable testing pieces from the existing mortar to be tested under compressive strength test. Therefore, in order to be on the safe side, compressive strength of Ottoman lime mortar from previous study [14] was taken as a maximum value for this study, which is 3 MPa, and tensile strength to be 10% of compressive strength, which will be 0.3 MPa. So mortar can be considered the weak part of the bridge ingredients.…”