Characteristics of Indoor PM2.5 Concentration in Gers Using Coal Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Lim, Miyoung; Myagmarchuluun, Sainnyambuu; Ban, Ho-Young; Hwang, Yunhyung; Оchir, Chimedsuren; Lodoisamba, Delgerzul; Lee, Kiyoung

doi:10.3390/ijerph15112524

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, personal exposure showed the highest value from 7:00 to 12:00 (Table 3). Lim et al concluded (2018) that the UB daily profile and the PM 2.5 concentration showed lower values at night-time, while there were increased values in the early morning, and values peaked in noon [37]. Table 3.…”

Section: Personal Exposure and Dosementioning

confidence: 98%

Mobile Measurement of PM2.5 Based on an Individual in Ulaanbaatar City

Ariunsaikhan

Chonokhuu

Matsumi

2020

IJERPH

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In the present study, we measured fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) on the daily route of our study participant in order to determine her exposure and dose of PM 2.5 in every microenvironment (ME). The measuring instrument, created by Nagoya University and Panasonic Corporation, Japan, was carried close to the breathing zone most of the time. Each data point was collected for 10-30 s or 2-6 cycles/min for 24 h from 1 October 2018 to 30 December 2018. Public transportation showed the highest level of PM 2.5 compared with other MEs, including residence apartments, houses (ger district), the National University of Mongolia (NUM), food courts or restaurants, and other indoor locations. The personal daily average exposure to PM 2.5 was 35 µg/m 3 on 4 November 2018; on the other hand, this value was evaluated as the highest level of exposure compared to other measurement days. Interestingly, the study participant's exposure and dose of PM 2.5 was lower than those stated in the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines, with 25 µg/m 3 from 4:00 to 7:00. country as a whole was between 80-140 µg/m 3 [14]. Additionally, diseases such as pneumoconiosis (approximately 130 cases per year) and adult cardiovascular diseases (approximately 1440 cases per year) that are caused by PM 2.5 (70 µg/m 3 , the annual mean exposure) are the major morbidity causes for UB's population, with an increasing rate over the years [15].Determining the individual exposure and dose of PM 2.5 is also important for human health problems. There is a high correlation between indoor and outdoor locations and individual exposure [16][17][18][19]. Individual exposure is defined by the PM 2.5 concentration of indoor or outdoor locations and personal activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and smoking, as well as the time spent by the person in the environment [20,21]. One of the methods used to evaluate the exposure is a measuring monitor or sensor worn by a person (the monitor or sensor has to be as close as possible to the person's breathing zone [22][23][24]) in order to identify the interface between outdoor locations or various microenvironments (closed spaces, such as buildings, means of transportation, and other indoor locations [25]) and the body. The dose, depending on a human's breathing speed, is the amount of the pollutant that actually crosses one of the body's boundaries and reaches the target tissue [26].In Mongolia, this kind of study has not been conducted before. However, researchers from other countries, for example, Steinle (2012), have conducted studies in this research field. Their results showed that a total of 17 volunteers collected 35 profiles, which covered a range of activities to highlight the variability of individual exposures between November 2012 and May 2013 in Scotland. They measured particulate matter by The Dylos, and combined these data with those from a GPS track stick at a private residential building with a PM 2.5 concentration of 10.20 µg/m 3 , which was higher than in other places [27]. Broich (2010) e...

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Section: Personal Exposure and Dosementioning

confidence: 98%

Mobile Measurement of PM2.5 Based on an Individual in Ulaanbaatar City

Ariunsaikhan

Chonokhuu

Matsumi

2020

IJERPH

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“…As a consequence of the incomplete combustion in traditional inefficient stoves, coal combustion in Gers is the main source of air pollution not only because of particulate matter but also soil pollution. This makes Ulaanbaatar one of the most polluted cities in the world [26][27][28]. Environmental pollution of the capital city is mainly derived from incomplete coal combustion in Gers, and frequently exceeds 10 times the national permissible level (50 µg/m 3 ) in winter [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This makes Ulaanbaatar one of the most polluted cities in the world [26][27][28]. Environmental pollution of the capital city is mainly derived from incomplete coal combustion in Gers, and frequently exceeds 10 times the national permissible level (50 µg/m 3 ) in winter [28]. Therefore, coal combustion emissions may be one of the major sources of metal pollution in Ulaanbaatar soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Daily Behaviors Related to Health Risks of the Ger Residents in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

et al. 2021

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The capital city in Mongolia comprises two types of dwellings: apartments and Gers. The Ger is a traditional Mongolian house. Residents of Ger districts in Ulaanbaatar use coal as a source of fuel for daily activities such as heating and cooking in winter due to lack of central heating systems. After coal burning, the ash deposited at the bottom of the oven converts into a powder containing heavy metals that are toxic to human health. Through questionnaires at sites where concentrations of heavy elements were identified in our previous study, we examined the heavy metal exposure pathways of coal ash, which has potentially adverse effects on the health and quality of life of Ger district residents. Survey results indicate that residents have to store the coal ash in packing bags and metal garbage cans near their household fences for at least two weeks because of poor waste management. Owing to the weak seals of the packaging material and open metal cans that contain the coal ash, it is easily transported into surrounding areas by the wind. Adults come into contact with contaminated soil when they are cleaning areas outside and inside the fences, and children are exposed when they play outside the fences. Such activities enhance the dermal exposure as well as inhalation and ingestion pathways of the contaminants for adults and children.

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“…Then, linear regression analysis was performed between the Dylos HAP concentration data in 0.01 ft 3 and the co-located monitor which allowed PM 2.5 concentration measurements in μg/m 3 of sampled air [ 60 , 63 ]. The analysis result showed a strong linear relationship with a conversion factor of PM 2.5 concentration in μg/m 3 = [(6.22) (Dylos PM 2.5 concentrations in 0.01 ft 3 ) (10 −2 )].…”

Section: Materials and Methods Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention to prevent household air pollution in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Adane

Alene

Mereta

2021

Environ Health Prev Med

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Background Household air pollution from biomass fuels burning in traditional cookstoves currently appeared as one of the most serious threats to public health with a recent burden estimate of 2.6 million premature deaths every year worldwide, ranking highest among environmental risk factors and one of the major risk factors of any type globally. Improved cookstove interventions have been widely practiced as potential solutions. However, studies on the effect of improved cookstove interventions are limited and heterogeneous which suggested the need for further research. Methods A cluster randomized controlled trial study was conducted to assess the effect of biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention on the concentration of household air pollution compared with the continuation of an open burning traditional cookstove. A total of 36 clusters were randomly allocated to both arms at a 1:1 ratio, and improved cookstove intervention was delivered to all households allocated into the treatment arm. All households in the included clusters were biomass fuel users and relatively homogenous in terms of basic socio-demographic and cooking-related characteristics. Household air pollution was determined by measuring the concentration of indoor fine particulate, and the effect of the intervention was estimated using the Generalized Estimating Equation. Results A total of 2031 household was enrolled in the study across 36 randomly selected clusters in both arms, among which data were obtained from a total of 1977 households for at least one follow-up visit which establishes the intention-to-treat population dataset for analysis. The improved cookstove intervention significantly reduces the concentration of household air pollution by about 343 μg/m3 (Ḃ = − 343, 95% CI − 350, − 336) compared to the traditional cookstove method. The overall reduction was found to be about 46% from the baseline value of 859 (95% CI 837–881) to 465 (95% CI 458–472) in the intervention arm compared to only about 5% reduction from 850 (95% CI 828–872) to 805 (95% CI 794–817) in the control arm. Conclusions The biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention significantly reduces the concentration of household air pollution compared to the traditional method. This suggests that the implementation of these cookstove technologies may be necessary to achieve household air pollution exposure reductions. Trial registration The trial project was retrospectively registered on August 2, 2018, at the clinical trials.gov registry database (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) with the NCT03612362 registration identifier number.

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Characteristics of Indoor PM2.5 Concentration in Gers Using Coal Stoves in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Mobile Measurement of PM2.5 Based on an Individual in Ulaanbaatar City

Mobile Measurement of PM2.5 Based on an Individual in Ulaanbaatar City

Evaluation of Daily Behaviors Related to Health Risks of the Ger Residents in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention to prevent household air pollution in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial

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