Characteristics of hydrothermal eruptions, with examples from New Zealand and elsewhere

Browne, P. R. L.; Lawless, Jim

doi:10.1016/s0012-8252(00)00030-1

Cited by 225 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Free crystalline quartz, calcite, anhydrite, epidote, and pyrite occur in the tephra, and open fracture linings and massive vein accumulations of aragonite/calcite/ anhydrite have been identified. Such mineralization is common in multiple-seal hydrofracture environments [e.g., Browne and Lawless, 2001]. The carbonates contain populations of CO 2 clathrate-bearing fluid inclusions, pointing to high CO 2 concentrations in the fractures, and homogenization temperatures ranging between 150º and 180°C.…”

Section: Preparing the Data For Archivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Volume 88, Number 5, 30 January 2007

2007

EoS Transactions

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The 17 March 2006 eruption from Raoul Island (Kermadec arc, north of New Zealand) is interpreted as a magmatichydrothermal event triggered by shaking associated with a swarm of local earthquakes. The eruption, which tragically claimed the life of New Zealand Department of Conservation Ranger Mark Kearney, occurred without significant volcanic seismicity or any of the precursory responses the volcanic hydrothermal system exhibited prior to a similarly sized eruption in 1964.Preliminary evidence suggests that the absence of precursory behavior is probably the consequence of hydrothermal sealing of the volcanic conduit since the 1964 eruption, and points to potential hazards associated with quiescent oceanic island volcanoes. Precursory Behaviour Through TimeRaoul is a basaltic-andesite volcano that last erupted in 1964 from vents at Green Lake (Figure 1). The 1964 eruption occurred after 11 days of intense seismicity, ground cracking, and stark changes in the hydrothermal system, including a 6-meter rise in Green Lake and increased fumarolic activity [Healy et al., 1965]. Pre-eruption earthquakes had S-P intervals of 1-2 seconds (focal distances of 6-15 kilometers). Low-frequency (0.5-1 hertz) tremor first began some 10 days before the eruption, which was phreatic in nature [Lloyd and Nathan, 1981].The 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake killed 87,300 people and disrupted the lives of several million more. By current estimates, 30,000 still live in camps sited more in accordance with short term expedience than with freedom from risk of natural hazards. In December 2006, the international aid community expressed fears that 50,000 people in Northwest Frontier Province may leave their mountain homes this winter as landslides and avalanches block access roads. As the focus of humanitarian assistance shifts toward restoration of Kashmir's infrastructure, it is important that the persistent hazard of landslides within the earthquake affected region be understood and recognized [Bulmer, 2006].The combination of field observations and movement data analysis undertaken in this project supports the hypothesis that the risk of damage from landslides in Pakistani Kashmir has increased significantly since the Kashmir earthquake. Site visits shortly after the earthquake revealed an enormous extent of slope damage, and data collection devices were installed in the Neelum and Jhelum valleys prior to the start of the 2006 monsoon and continue to collect data.The earthquake has created a unique opportunity to advance the understanding of the response of rocky slopes to seismic disturbance [Keefer, 1984] and subsequent rainfall. This paper presents a brief description of a new motion detection technology being used in Kashmir that has distinct advantages in terms of cost effectiveness when compared with other approaches. The Kashmir EarthquakeThe Kashmir earthquake was caused by the rupture of the northwest-southeast oriented Muzaffarabad Thrust Fault. Its hypocenter was located at a depth of 20 kilometers about 19 kilometers northea...

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Section: Preparing the Data For Archivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Volume 88, Number 5, 30 January 2007

2007

EoS Transactions

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“…According to (Casertano, Borgia, & Cigolini, 1983) both of these episodes were phreatomagmatic where the 1910 eruption dispersed fine juvenile material in a single episode whereas the 1953 eruptions lasted several months with strombolian type activity, the creation of an intra-crateric dome by effusion of lava and the disappearance of the crater lake for a period of close to a decade. Phreato-magmatic eruptions, according to (Browne & Lawless, 2001), involve the ejection of juvenile igneous material thus directly involving magma as a source of ejecta.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These eruptions do not directly involve magma as a source of material. In phreatic eruptions, magma acts as the source of energy by heating and flashing water from a shallow aquifer (Browne & Lawless, 2001;Rouwet et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrographic Analysis of the Volcanic Bombs and Blocks from Poás Volcano: April-June 2017 Eruptive Period

Madrigal¹,

Lücke²

2017

Rev. Geol. Amér. Central

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During the first semester of 2017, Poás Volcano, in the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA) initiated a period of volcanic unrest that included high energy phreatomagmatic and magmatic eruptions. The most notable eruptions occurred on April 14 th and April 22 nd of 2017, which produced abundant ashes and ballistic materials in the form of blocks and bombs. Here, we present results from the petrographic analyses conducted in the collected material from the largest eruptions of April 2017. Mineral textures observed on the petrographic analyses show evidence of reactivation and fragmentation of a crystal mush in the magma chamber, triggering re-melting episodes, volatile exsolution, and an increase in the pressure of the system, all of which are expected conditions during an eruption episode. Our analyses done on juvenile and non-juvenile material suggest that processes of magma mingling and injections of new batches of material of different compositions have played an important role throughout previous eruptions and likely in the current phase of volcanic activity in Poás.

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“…The latter issue is particularly relevant to volcanic tourism, which has great educational potential and can offer a truly unforgettable experience, but it also means an exposure of tourists to natural hazards and elevated risk (Erfurt-Cooper, 2011;Newhall, 2014). Indeed, hydrothermal eruptions are not uncommon on geothermal fields of New Zealand (Browne, Lawless, 2001) and occasionally caused fatalities among visiting tourists (Warbrick, 1934).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal fields of New Zealand in tourism industry – the case of complementary assets and competitive products

Pijet-Migoń

Migoń

2015

geotour

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Characteristics of hydrothermal eruptions, with examples from New Zealand and elsewhere

Cited by 225 publications

References 46 publications

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Volume 88, Number 5, 30 January 2007

Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union Volume 88, Number 5, 30 January 2007

Petrographic Analysis of the Volcanic Bombs and Blocks from Poás Volcano: April-June 2017 Eruptive Period

Geothermal fields of New Zealand in tourism industry – the case of complementary assets and competitive products

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