Characteristics of foot morphology and their relationship to gender, age, body mass index and bilateral asymmetry in Japanese adults

Zhao, Xiaoguang; Tsujimoto, Takehiko; Kim, Bokun; Katayama, Yasutomi; Tanaka, Kiyoji

doi:10.3233/bmr-150501

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Mahshid et al reported that Japanese women had narrower feet in the heel and forefoot, and their instep, rst and fth toes and navicular height were also lower than men's [27]. Zhao et al demonstrated that Japanese men generally had longer, larger and higher arched feet than women [28]. Since we adjusted the shoe size to 25.5 cm and compared, it was considered that foot morphology had little effect on peak pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Plantar pressure sensors indicate women to have a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men

Yamamoto

Hoshino²,

Kanzaki

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background: Sex-related differences of plantar pressure distribution during activities should be thoroughly inspected as it can help establish treatment and prevention strategies for foot and ankle problems. In-shoe measurement systems are preferable without space and activity restrictions; however, previously reported systems are still heavy and bulky and induce unnatural movement. Therefore, a slim and light plantar pressure sensor was newly developed to detect the effect of sex difference on plantar pressure during standing and walking.Methods: One-hundred healthy adult volunteers (50 women and 50 men) were recruited. Ten plantar pressure sensors were implanted in a 1-mm thick insole, with a total weight of 29 g. Plantar pressure was recorded with 200 Hz during 3 seconds of standing and while walking 10 steps. The maximum loads during standing and walking were analyzed in each sensor, and the results were compared between different areas of the foot in the antero-posterior direction and the medio-lateral direction and between different time points. The movement of the center of pressure (COP) during walking was also evaluated. Analyses were adjusted for body mass index and gait speed.Results: The movement of COP was constant for both sexes. In all cases, the maximum load was observed on the medial of the foot. Women had a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial aspect of the foot compared to men while standing and walking (p < .05).Conclusions: A newly introduced in-shoe plantar pressure sensor demonstrated a typical loading transition pattern of the foot. Furthermore, higher plantar pressure in the forefoot was detected in healthy women as compared to men during standing and walking activities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Plantar pressure sensors indicate women to have a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men

Yamamoto

Hoshino²,

Kanzaki

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mahshid et al reported that Japanese women had narrower feet in the heel and forefoot, and their instep, rst and fth toes and navicular height were also lower than men's [27]. Zhao et al demonstrated that Japanese men generally had longer, larger and higher feet than women [28]. Since we adjusted the shoe size to 25.5 cm and compared, it was considered that foot morphology had little effect on peak pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plantar pressure sensors indicate women to have a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men

Yamamoto

Hoshino²,

Kanzaki

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract Background: Sex-related differences of plantar pressure distribution during activities should be thoroughly inspected as it can help establish treatment and prevention strategies for foot and ankle problems. In-shoe measurement systems are preferable without space and activity restrictions; however, previously reported systems are still heavy and bulky and induce unnatural movement. Therefore, a slim and light plantar pressure sensor was newly developed to detect the effect of sex difference on plantar pressure during standing and walking.Methods: One-hundred healthy adult volunteers (50 women and 50 men) were recruited. Ten plantar pressure sensors were implanted in a 1-mm thick insole, with a total weight of 29 g. Plantar pressure was recorded with 200 Hz during 3 seconds of standing and while walking 10 steps. The maximum loads during standing and walking were analyzed in each sensor, and the results were compared between different areas of the foot in the antero-posterior direction and the medio-lateral direction and between different time points. The movement of the center of pressure (COP) during walking was also evaluated. Results were compared between sexes by converting body mass index (BMI) to 22.Results: The movement of COP was constant for both sexes. In all cases, the maximum load was observed on the medial of the foot. Women had a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men while standing and walking (P < .05).Conclusions: A newly introduced in-shoe plantar pressure sensor demonstrated a typical loading transition pattern of the foot. Furthermore, higher plantar pressure in the forefoot was detected in healthy women as compared to men during standing and walking activities.

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“…Given the high reliability and low SEM for most of the parameters, a direct validation of the measurements against measurements made by using medical images will be needed for future applications that required accurate data for decision-making, such as in a clinical setting. Further studies may also include more parameters based on the reconstructed weight-bearing 3D sole surface measured by the current approach, such as the distances of the first and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints to the sustentaculum tali, great toe height, distal end of the first toe and instep height [15,16,53,54], and may determine their test-retest reliabilities. One senior and one junior rater were used in the current study following previous protocols [35][36][37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several parameters quantifying the sole morphology have been proposed and used in the literature and clinical practice, such as foot length (FL) [9], foot width (FW) [10], arch height (AH), normalized arch height (NAH), arch index (AI) [11], Staheli's arch index (SAI) [12], Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI) [13], hallux valgus angle (HVA) [14], minimal distance between hallux and other toes, great toe height, and instep height, etc. [15,16]. Among these parameters, those related to the medial longitudinal arch have received much research attention because the medial longitudinal arch is one of the most important features of the foot structure, relating to the absorption of ground forces and propulsion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method

et al. 2021

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Background: Assessment of the sole morphology provides a clinically useful measure of the foot condition, but existing methods are mostly limited to two-dimensional or non-weight-bearing conditions. The current study aimed to assess the reliability of a novel method called Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method (SIBPAIR) implemented on a commercial foot assessment system, and the intra-rater, inter-rater and inter-session reliability of the SIBPAIR-based protocol for three-dimensional sole morphological measurements. Methods: The reliability of the SIBPAIR method, and the intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-session reliability of the SIBPAIR-based protocol in measuring morphological parameters of the sole were assessed by repeated measurements of fifteen young healthy adults by two male physical therapists, in terms of intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results and Conclusions: The SIBPAIR method was found to have very high reliability with very small SEM values, and the SIBPAIR-based protocol also showed very high intra-rater, inter-rater, and inter-session reliability with small SEM. These results indicate that accurate and reliable measurements could be obtained by following the protocol regardless of the rater’s experience or time of measurement. This will be useful for foot assessment and subsequent applications, such as design and manufacture of customized orthoses or shoes.

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Characteristics of foot morphology and their relationship to gender, age, body mass index and bilateral asymmetry in Japanese adults

Abstract: This study showed that gender has a bigger impact on length, width, height and girth parameters of foot than BMI or age. BMI has an impact on both arch height and stiffness. Besides, bilateral asymmetry affects values of height parameters of foot and arch.

Cited by 30 publications

References 26 publications

Plantar pressure sensors indicate women to have a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men

Plantar pressure sensors indicate women to have a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men

Plantar pressure sensors indicate women to have a significantly higher peak pressure on the hallux, toes, forefoot, and medial of the foot compared to men

Test-Retest Reliability of Sole Morphology Measurements Using a Novel Single-Image-Based Pin-Array Impression Reconstruction Method

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