“…Although speculative, there is still a risk that an unknown pathogen could arise from 'wild' permafrost where it has survived over a long period of time in a dormant or quiescent state. A more immediate concern is expansion of modern infectious diseases via vectors (e.g., ticks and mosquitoes) in areas where permafrost has thawed and the soil becomes wetter, or collapses into thermokarst bogs, as the climate warms [91][92][93] . Increased temperature and precipitation can further expand the geographical distribution of animal vectors 94 .…”