Characteristics of electrical energy storage technologies and their applications in buildings

Abstract

This)study)has)been)undertaken)to)gain)a)better)understanding)of)how)to)allow)for) energy)storage)in)the)design)of)a)future)built)environment)where)renewable)energy) systems)will)play)a)significant)role.) Electricity)storage)solutions)are)a)key)element)in)achieving)high)renewable)energy) penetration)in)the)built)environment.)This)paper)presents)an)overview)of)electricity) storage)technologies)and)their)distinct)characteristics.)The)currently)available) technologies)have)been)classified)according)to)the)means)by)which)each)can)be)used) in)supplying)energy)to)buildings.) As)the)storage)market)is)evolving)rapidly,)the)analysis)provides)an)upHtoHdate) evaluation)of)different)storage)options)with)regard)to)scale,)reliability)and)siteH specificity)among)others.) It)is)concluded)that)LiHion)batteries,)which)today)have)a)limited)use)in)the)built) environment,)and)ZnHair)batteries)that)will)be)commercialized)in)2013/14)are) amongst)the)most)promising)technologies)for)buildings)due)to)their)exceptionally) high)energy)density.)They)are)expected)to)play)an)important)role)in)reliable,) economical)and)energy)efficient)building)design)in)the)future.)NaNiCl)batteries,) which)are)currently)used)in)vehicles,)are)also)considered)an)important)technology)for) buildings,)because)of)their)high)cycle)lifetime)and)their)high)peak)power)capability.)) Keywords:)Electrical)energy)storage;)Renewable)energy;)Batteries;)Pumped)hydro;) Compressed)air;)Flywheels) * 1.*Introduction* In)the)last)decade,)increased)environmental)concerns)have)led)to)the)formation)of) European)energy)and)climate)policies,)which)suggest)a)significant)CO 2)emissions)) 2.*Electrical*energy*storage*technologies*

Potential value of energy storage in the UK electricity system

“…The DOE/EPRI Electricity storage handbook (Akhil, et al, 2013) provides an excellent overview of current ES technology status and costs, which has been used as the basis of the current cost data. This is further informed by the 2012 PNNL report (Kintner-Meyer, et al, 2012) along with data in (Ferreiraa, et al, 2013) and (Chatzivasileiadi & Eleni Ampatzi, 2013), which provides some current cost and performance data and some projections up to 2020.…”

Design of Controls, Monitoring and a Energy Storage System for a Energy Harvesting Gymnasium Equipment

“…The key area for power generation stability is based on an efficient Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), monitoring system, gears-shifter controlling system, and the brand-new concept of fully DC gymnasium. Currently, there are several ESS technologies such as: superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) [1], batteries (BESS) [2], electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) [3], compressed air energy storage (CAES) [4] and flywheels [5]. The most promising solution in the renewable energy storage area is that NiCd and Li-ion batteries are preferred due to their high energy density, power capability and accepted economic value [6].…”

Application of a Simplified Thermal-Electric Model of a Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Energy Storage System to a Real Case Residential Prosumer

“…For resident customers, a complete exemption is provided in case E A ≤ E Ae1 , but this benefit is progressively withdrawn if the yearly energy purchase E A surpasses the threshold E Ae2 . Therefore, the excise duty C EX is computed by applying the unit excise duty c EX to the energy amount E * A (kWh) defined in Equation (38). This means that a customer with a yearly energy absorption E A > (E Ae1 +E Ae2 ) is required to pay the excise duty on the overall consumption.…”

“…For instance, in Reference [36], lead-acid (Pb-acid), sodium-nickel chloride (NaNiCl 2 ), Li-ion, and nickel/cadmium (NiCd) batteries are introduced, whereas a comparison based on energy, environmental, technical, and economic criteria is reported in Reference [37]. The suitability of these technologies in the residential context is addressed in Reference [38].…”