Background Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common complication in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. In the short-term however, these patients are less likely to have pain relief and restoration of function after carpal tunnel release. However, it is unclear whether patients who have release for hemodialysis-associated CTS have differing persisting relief of symptoms compared with patients with idiopathic CTS. Questions/purposes We therefore compared (1) the severity of pain and level of function in patients who had release for hemodialysis-associated CTS with scores of patients who had release for idiopathic CTS, and (2) the operation-related complications. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 36 patients with CTS who were receiving hemodialysis and 54 patients with idiopathic CTS. Control subjects were matched for age, gender, and symptom severity. We obtained Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) scores preoperatively and at each followup. The minimum followup was 24 months (mean, 44.3 months; range, 24-90 months), although all comparisons were made at 2 years.