“…In general, with a body diameter of up to 100 mm at 258 L/min air consumption, commercial vortex modules can provide a grip force of 44 N. The Bernoulli module provides a grip force up to 14 N for a maximum outer diameter of 150 mm at 291 L/min air consumption instead of providing smooth gripping operation [ 12 ]. As the maximum grip force that can be achieved in a non-contact environment is limited due to the availability of only one module specification, researchers have focused on finding the optimal shape design that allows more control over the flow behavior inside the module [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Their results significantly improved the air head’s internal structure and created an efficient vacuum on the workpiece.…”