Characteristics of Body Heat Balance of Paraplegics during Exercise in a Hot Environment.

Yamasaki, Masahiro; Kim, Kyu Tae; Choi, Seung Wook; Muraki, Satoshi; Shiokawa, Mitsuhisa; Kurokawa, Takashi

doi:10.2114/jpa.20.227

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…More or less the same holds true for the lower-body temperature, with SCI-H and SCI-L showing a steady rise and a significantly larger increase than AB which is in accordance with a previous study in a thermoneutral environment reporting a decrease in leg skin temperature in AB but not in SCI individuals [22]. The SCI individuals lack sympathetic innervation below the level of the lesion and, consequently, they cannot activate their sweat glands and evaporate [22,24]. It is well known that evaporation provides the major physiologic defense against overheating during exercise in a hot environment [12].…”

Section: Hot Conditions (35 8c)supporting

confidence: 90%

“…In a hot environment at rest, lower-body skin temperature and rectal temperature were lower in SCI-L and partly in SCI-H than in AB, which is consistent with earlier findings that SCI had cooler lower-body skin temperatures at rest in a hot environment [24]. The cooler lower-body skin temperature in SCI may be explained by the reduced muscle activity below the lesion level, resulting in a reduced metabolic heat production even at rest [15].…”

Section: Hot Conditions (35 8c)supporting

confidence: 89%

“…Because of the autonomic denervated skin the ability to vasoregulate and evaporate is limited, and information for thermoregulatory drive below the lesion level is lacking [21]. Only a limited number of papers have been published on SCI individuals exercising in the heat [15,16,24]. These studies showed that the level of the lesion affects the cardiovascular responses in SCI individuals exercising in the heat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body Temperature Responses in Spinal Cord Injured Individuals During Exercise in the Cold and Heat

Boot¹,

Binkhorst²,

Hopman³

2006

Int J Sports Med

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of arm exercise on the heat balance in spinal cord-injured (SCI) individuals with complete lesions at ambient temperatures of 10 and 35 degrees C. Four SCI with a high lesion (> or = T6) (SCI-H), seven with a low lesion (< T6) (SCI-L), and ten able-bodied controls (AB) performed arm-cranking exercises at 40 % of the maximal power output for 45 min, once in 10 degrees C and once in 35 degrees C. Oxygen uptake, rectal temperature, and skin temperature (chest, upper arm, thigh, calf) were measured at rest and 15, 30, and 45 min after the onset of exercise. Metabolism, heat production, skin temperature, mean body temperature (a combination of rectal and skin temperature), and body heat content were calculated. Heart rate at 10 degrees C was 103 b/min in SCI-H, 120 in SCI-L and 112 in AB, while in 35 degrees C, heart rate was 112 b/min in SCI-H, 144 in SCI-L and 134 in AB. The increase in rectal temperature in 35 degrees C was larger in SCI-L (+ 0.07 degrees C) and SCI-H (+ 0.08 degrees C) than in AB (+ 0.06 degrees C). The decrease in mean body temperature at 10 degrees C was larger in SCI-H (33.0 +/- 0.68 degrees C) than in SCI-L (33.6 +/- 0.29 degrees C) and AB (34.5 +/- 0.31 degrees C). During exercise in 35 degrees C, mean body temperature increased in all three groups. The increase in body temperature in SCI-L was larger than in AB. During exercise in 10 degrees C, body heat content decreased in SCI-H (80.0 +/- 15.1 kJ) and SCI-L (89.2 +/- 9.1 kJ) but remained constant in AB (97.0 +/- 16.1 kJ). During exercise in 35 degrees C, body heat content increased in all three groups. The increase in body heat content after exercising in 35 degrees C was not significantly different between the three groups. In summary, mean body temperature and body heat content in the cold decreased in SCI, despite exercising. In the heat, mean body temperature and body heat content seems to increase more in SCI than in AB. We can conclude that SCI are at a greater risk for a disturbed heat balance during exercise in the cold and in the heat than AB. Both in the cold and in the heat, precautions should be taken even earlier and be more intensive for SCI than for AB.

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Section: Hot Conditions (35 8c)supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Hot Conditions (35 8c)supporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Body Temperature Responses in Spinal Cord Injured Individuals During Exercise in the Cold and Heat

Boot¹,

Binkhorst²,

Hopman³

2006

Int J Sports Med

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“…For instance, it is known that in adults with spinal cord injury, sweating rate below the level of the lesion is often greatly reduced, if not, abolished [29][30][31]. This has a marked effect on the individual's ability to adequately thermoregulate [28,32,33], and the data from the present study clearly demonstrate a significant effect of seating materials on sweating rate and skin temperature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Comparison of different wheelchair seating on thermoregulation and perceptual responses in thermoneutral and hot conditions in children

Hodges

Mallette

Rigby

et al. 2019

Journal of Tissue Viability

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We examined the effects of 4 different wheelchair seatings on physiological and perceptual measures in 21 healthy, pre-pubertal children (9±2 years). Participants were able-bodied and did not regularly use a wheelchair. Participants sat for 2 h in Neutral (~22.5°C,~40%RH) and Hot (~35°C,~37%RH) conditions. Four seating technologies were: standard incontinent cover and cushion (SEAT1); standard incontinent cover with new cushion (SEAT2) were tested in Neutral and Hot; new non-incontinent cover with new cushion (SEAT3); new incontinent cover and new cushion (SEAT4) were tested in Neutral only. Measurements included skin blood flow (SkBF), sweating rate (SR) and leg skin temperature (TlegB) on the bottom of the leg (i.e. skin-seat interface), heart rate (HR), mean skin temperature, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation. During Neutral, SkBF and TlegB were lower (~50% and~1°C, respectively) and SR higher (~0.5 mg•cm-2•min-1) (p<0.05) with SEAT3 compared to all other seats. SkBF was~30% lower (p<0.05) for SEAT2 and SEAT4 compared to SEAT1. No other differences were observed between SEATs (all p>0.05). During Hot, HR and temperatures were higher than in Neutral but there were no differences (p>0.05) between SEATs. New cover and cushion improved thermoregulatory responses during Neutral but not Hot. An impermeable incontinent cover negated improvements from cushion design. Seat cover appears more important than seat cushion during typical room conditions.

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“…211 Rectal temperature may not be as accurate for measuring core temperature as in other athletes due to decreased ability to regulate blood flow beneath the spinal-cord lesion. [218][219][220] • If the athlete is hyperthermic, provide more water, lighter clothing, or cooling of the trunk, 211,213 legs, 211 and head. 213 …”

Section: Athletes With Spinal-cord Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses

Casa¹,

DeMartini²,

Bergeron³

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

168

338

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Objective: To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation.Background: Certified athletic trainers evaluate and treat heat-related injuries during athletic activity in ''safe'' and highrisk environments. While the recognition of heat illness has improved, the subtle signs and symptoms associated with heat illness are often overlooked, resulting in more serious problems for affected athletes. The recommendations presented here provide athletic trainers and allied health providers with an integrated scientific and practical approach to the prevention, recognition, and treatment of heat illnesses. These recommendations can be modified based on the environmental conditions of the site, the specific sport, and individual considerations to maximize safety and performance.Recommendations: Certified athletic trainers and other allied health providers should use these recommendations to establish on-site emergency plans for their venues and athletes. The primary goal of athlete safety is addressed through the prevention and recognition of heat-related illnesses and a welldeveloped plan to evaluate and treat affected athletes. Even with a heat-illness prevention plan that includes medical screening, acclimatization, conditioning, environmental monitoring, and suitable practice adjustments, heat illness can and does occur. Athletic trainers and other allied health providers must be prepared to respond in an expedient manner to alleviate symptoms and minimize morbidity and mortality.Key Words: heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hyponatremia, dehydration, exercise, heat tolerance H eat illness is inherent to physical activity and its incidence increases with rising ambient temperature and relative humidity. Athletes who begin training in the late summer (eg, football, soccer, and cross-country athletes) experience exertional heat-related illness more often than athletes who begin training during the winter and spring. [1][2][3][4][5] Although the hot conditions associated with late summer provide a simple explanation for this difference, we need to understand what makes certain athletes more susceptible and how these illnesses can be prevented. PURPOSEThis position statement provides recommendations that will enable certified athletic trainers (ATCs) and other allied health providers to (1) identify and implement preventive strategies that can reduce heat-related illnesses in sports, (2) characterize factors associated with the early detection of heat illness, (3) provide on-site first aid and emergency management of athletes with heat illnesses, (4) determine appropriate return-toplay procedures, (5) understand thermoregulation and physiologic responses to heat, and (6) recognize groups with special concerns related to heat exposure. ORGANIZATIONThis position statement is organized as follows:1. Definitions of exertional heat illnesses, including exerciseassociated muscle (heat) cramps, he...

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Characteristics of Body Heat Balance of Paraplegics during Exercise in a Hot Environment.

Cited by 19 publications

References 24 publications

Body Temperature Responses in Spinal Cord Injured Individuals During Exercise in the Cold and Heat

Body Temperature Responses in Spinal Cord Injured Individuals During Exercise in the Cold and Heat

Comparison of different wheelchair seating on thermoregulation and perceptual responses in thermoneutral and hot conditions in children

National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses

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