Characteristics of Battery Management Systems of Electric Vehicles with Consideration of the Active and Passive Cell Balancing Process

Abstract

Energy shortage and environmental pollution issues can be reduced considerably with the development and usage of electric vehicles (EVs). However, electric vehicle performance and battery lifespan depend on a suitable battery arrangement to meet the various battery performance demands. The safety, reliability, and efficiency of EVs largely depends on the constant monitoring of the batteries and management of battery packs. This work comprehensively reviews different aspects of battery management systems (BMS), i.e., architecture, functions, requirements, topologies, fundamentals of battery modeling, different battery models, issues/challenges, recommendations, and active and passive cell balancing approaches, etc., as compared to the existing works which normally discuss one or two aspects only. The work describes BMS functions, battery models and their comparisons in detail for an efficient operation of the battery pack. Similarly, the work presents a comprehensive overview of issues and challenges faced by BMS and also provides recommendations to address these challenges. Cell balancing is very important for the battery performance and in this work various cell balancing methodologies and their comparisons are also presented in detail. Modeling of a cell balancer is presented and a comparative study is also carried out for active and passive cell balance technique in MATLAB/Simulink with an eight cell battery packcell balancing approach. The result shows that the active cell balancing technique is more advantageous than passive balancing for electrical vehicles using lithium-ion batteries.

Research on the application technology of lead acid batteries for mining electric vehicles

“…In addition to receiving monitoring data, the monitoring cloud server also provides comprehensive data management capabilities, including data display, alarm management, report management, and other functions. Expanding the computing power and database capacity of monitoring cloud servers can become a big data service platform for battery operation and data analysis [6].…”

A Comprehensive Review of Various Topologies and Control Techniques for DC-DC Converter-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Charge Equalization

“…SOC is the ratio of the battery's dischargeable capacity to its nominal capacity, and it cannot be directly measured with a sensor; hence several SOC estimation methods are proposed [85]. Tese strategies can be divided into four categories for comparison and analysis, [86]. Te SOC estimate approach is used for the BCE process when employing a DC-DC converter.…”

A Comprehensive Overview of the Impacting Factors on a Lithium-Ion-Battery’s Overall Efficiency

“…BMS for EV or further applications like stationary energy storage can be divided into active and passive balancing. Both methods aim to reduce capacity losses, enhance the lifetime of the batteries, and guarantee a constant and satisfactory performance during the use of the batteries (Uzair et al, 2021). Passive balancing is less expensive compared to active balancing, easier to realise, and widespread (Perisoara et al, 2018).…”

“…Besides the aforementioned advantages, passive balancing has disadvantages such as energy losses, and active balancing is more effective against battery ageing. Nevertheless, the latter system has greater complexity and is more expensive (Uzair et al, 2021). Different topologies of passive cell balancing are known, such as systems with a fixed shunt resistor or and controlled shunt resistor (Uzair et al, 2021).…”

“…Nevertheless, the latter system has greater complexity and is more expensive (Uzair et al, 2021). Different topologies of passive cell balancing are known, such as systems with a fixed shunt resistor or and controlled shunt resistor (Uzair et al, 2021). The resistors integrated into passive balancing systems are used to control the stored energy of the cells, which are the most charged.…”