Characteristics of androgynous, undifferentiated, masculine, and feminine middle-class women

Hoffman, Donnie M.; Fidell, Linda S.

doi:10.1007/bf00287937

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The match between life demands and personal characteristics may be more crucial in determining satisfaction than is the manifestation of a prespecified configuration of characteristics such as androgyny. Perhaps, as Hoffman and Fidell (1979) suggested, what is important for good sex-role adjustment is consistency among personal masculinity/femininity, life-styles, and the behavior demanded in these life-styles.…”

Section: Androgyny As An Ideal?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…First, it has been demonstrated repeatedly that high levels of masculinity are primarily responsible for androgyny's positive profile of characteristics. These masculine characteristics are shared with masculine-typed persons (DeGregorio & Carver, 1980;Hoffman & Fidell, 1979;Olds & Shaver, 1980;Silvern & Ryan, 1979;Spence & Helmreich, 1978). Analyses of a number of studies pertinent to psychological androgyny have indicated that masculinity is more consistently and strongly related to positive psychological health than is femininity.…”

Section: The Power Of Masculinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Androgyny: A Goal for Counseling?

Cook

1985

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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Section: Androgyny As An Ideal?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Power Of Masculinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgyny: A Goal for Counseling?

Cook

1985

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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“…Bem was the first to conceptualize gender roles as something other than exclusively masculine and feminine [3–5], defining a third role, androgyny, that combined both masculine and feminine traits and a fourth category, undifferentiated, describing people whose scores on both masculine and feminine traits were low [6]. She hypothesized that “many individuals might be "androgynous"; that is, they might be both masculine and feminine, both assertive and yielding, both instrumental and expressive—depending on the situational appropriateness of these various behaviors” (p. 155) [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences: Examination of the 12-Item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) in an Older Brazilian Population

et al. 2013

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ObjectivesAlthough gender is often acknowledged as a determinant of health, measuring its components, other than biological sex, is uncommon. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) quantifies self-attribution of traits, indicative of gender roles. The BSRI has been used with participants across cultures and countries, but rarely in an older population in Brazil, as we have done in this study. Our primary objective was to determine whether the BSRI-12 can be used to explore gender in an older Brazilian population.MethodsThe BSRI was completed by volunteer participants, all community dwelling adults aged 65+ living in Natal, Brazil. Exploratory factor analysis was performed, followed by a varimax rotation (orthogonal solution) for iteration to examine the underlying gender roles of feminine, masculine, androgynous and undifferentiated, and to validate the BSRI in older adults in Brazil.ResultsThe 278 participants, (80 men, 198 women) were 65–99 years old (average 73.6 for men, 74.7 for women). Age difference between sexes was not significant (p = 0.22). A 12 item version of the BSRI (BSRI-12) previously validated among Spanish seniors was used and showed validity with 5 BSRI-12 items (Cronbach=0.66) loading as feminine, 6 items (Cronbach=0.51) loading onto masculine roles and neither overlapping with the category of biological sex of respondent.ConclusionsAlthough the BSRI-12 appears to be a valid indicator of gender among elderly Brazilians, the gender role status identified with the BSRI-12 was not correlated with being male or female.

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“…A middle class "normal" population has been studied with respect to sex role identification, and demographic variables. Hoffman and Fidell (1979) utilizing Bern's (1974) theory of the four sex types (masculine, feminine, undifferentiated, and androgynous) found that the masculine and androgynous types, in this sample of 369 women, were more highly educated, and took more classes than the feminine and undifferentiated women. One significant finding relevant to the present investigation was that the androgynous women were more stable (non-neurotic) than any of the other three groups, and were better adjusted.…”

Section: Literature Review and Theoretical Rationalementioning

confidence: 94%

Femininity, image, feminism and a decision to seek treatment in obese women

White¹,

Schroeder

1986

Health Care for Women International

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Notions of changing role norms for women, and the possible effect of these on health behavior was the focus of this study. The purpose of the investigation was to determine if femininity, body and self image, and feminism were related to a decision to seek treatment for obesity. Three groups of women were selected to study: obese women in treatment for their obesity; obese women not in treatment for their obesity; and normal weight women. A comparative descriptive design was utilized to test the study's hypotheses. The research hypotheses predicted that the women in treatment would be more pro-feminist than either of the other two groups; the women not in treatment for their obesity would have more negative body and self images than the other two groups; and that the normal weight women would be more feminine than either of the obese groups. Women in treatment were not found to be more profeminist; both groups of obese women had more negative body images than the normal weight group, but not more negative self images when compared to the normal weight group. Additionally there was a trend, although not a statistically significant finding, for the normal weight women to be more feminine. This study failed to support several notions in the literature about obese women. Further work is warranted, based on this study's findings, on treatment decisions and changing roles for women.

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Characteristics of androgynous, undifferentiated, masculine, and feminine middle-class women

Cited by 50 publications

References 17 publications

Androgyny: A Goal for Counseling?

Androgyny: A Goal for Counseling?

Gender Differences: Examination of the 12-Item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) in an Older Brazilian Population

Femininity, image, feminism and a decision to seek treatment in obese women

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