Characteristics of anArabidopsisglyoxylate reductase: general biochemical properties and substrate specificity for the recombinant protein, and developmental expression and implications for glyoxylate and succinic semialdehyde metabolism in planta

Abstract

Constitutive expression of an Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh cDNA (GenBank accession No. AY044183 ) in a succinic semialdehyde (SSA) dehydrogenase-deficient yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen) mutant enables growth on γ-aminobutyrate and significantly enhances the accumulation of γ-hydroxybutyrate. In this report, the cDNA (designated hereinafter as AtGR1) was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli , and the recombinant protein purified to homogeneity. Kinetic analysis of substrate specificity revealed that the enzyme catalyzed the conversion of glyoxylate to glycolate (Km, glyoxylate = 4.5 μmol·L–1) as well as SSA to γ-hydroxybutyrate (Km, SSA = 0.87 mmol·L–1) via an essentially irreversible, NADPH-based mechanism. The enzyme had a 250-fold higher preference for glyoxylate than SSA based on the performance constants (kcat/Km), and with the exception of 4-carboxybenzaldehyde, at least a 100-fold higher preference for SSA than all other substrates tested (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, phenylglyoxal, phenylglyoxylate). In vitro assays of SSA reductase activity in cell-free extracts from Arabidopisis revealed its presence throughout the plant, although its specific activity was considerably higher in leaves at all developmental stages and in reproductive parts than in roots. It is proposed that the enzyme functions in redox homeostasis and the detoxification of both glyoxylate and SSA, in planta, resulting in the production of glycolate and γ-hydroxybutyrate, respectively.

A Cytosolic Pathway for the Conversion of Hydroxypyruvate to Glycerate during Photorespiration in Arabidopsis

“…This suggests that minor contributions can be made by additional enzymes. In contrast with an earlier report on spinach glyoxylate reductase, which had small activity with hydroxypyruvate (Kleczkowski et al, 1986), two recently identified Arabidopsis glyoxylate reductases, one cytosolic and one plastidial, do not show HPR activity (Hoover et al, 2007;Simpson et al, 2008). More likely candidate enzymes for these minor activities would be other 1-hydroxacid dehydrogenases with relaxed substrate specificity, for example lactate dehydrogenase (Betsche, 1981), or the two putative Arabidopsis proteins At1g12550 and At2g45630.…”

Proline antagonizes GABA-induced quenching of quorum-sensing in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

“…GABA may be converted by plant enzymes into ␥-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) with succinic semialdehyde (SSA) as a toxic intermediate (18,19). A nonenzymatic conversion of GHB into ␥-butyrolactone (GBL) may occur at acidic pH.…”

Kinetic mechanism of a recombinantArabidopsisglyoxylate reductase: studies of initial velocity, dead-end inhibition and product inhibition

“…AY044183) was expressed in a recombinant bacterial system as described elsewhere (Hoover et al 2007). The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity and enzymatic activity measured continuously as the oxidation of NADPH ((SSA ?…”