Characteristics, Classification, and Application of Stem Cells Derived from Human Teeth

Abstract

Since mesenchymal stem cells derived from human teeth are characterized as having the properties of excellent proliferation, multilineage differentiation, and immune regulation. Dental stem cells exhibit fibroblast-like microscopic appearance and express mesenchymal markers, embryonic markers, and vascular markers but do not express hematopoietic markers. Dental stem cells are a mixed population with different sensitive markers, characteristics, and therapeutic effects. Single or combined surface markers are not only helpful for understanding the subpopulation of mixed stem cell populations according to cell function but also for improving the stable treatment effect of dental stem cells. Focusing on the discovery and characterization of stem cells isolated from human teeth over the past 20 years, this review outlines the effect of marker sorting on cell proliferation and differentiation ability and the assessment of the clinical application potential. Classified dental stem cells from markers and functional molecules can solve the problem of heterogeneity and ensure the efficacy of cell therapy strategies including dentistry, neurologic diseases, bone repair, and tissue engineering.

Epigenetic Regulation of Methylation in Determining the Fate of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Growing attention has been given to the differentiation, selfrenewal, and regulation of DMSCs in the field of regenerative medicine [183][184][185]. For instance, DPSCs are used for the treatment of mandible defects and periodontal regeneration in chronic periodontitis patients [48,[186][187][188]].…”

Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oral Cavity and Surrounding Areas: Types and Biomedical Applications

“…Thus, each tooth is formed by tissues of differing hardness: enamel, dentine, cement, and soft tissues like the dental pulp and the periodontal ligament. Therefore, MSC from adult tissue form part of organ and tissue homeostasis, as they also supervise and provide cells for repair, and, what is more, the dental pulp-derived MSC not only have the potential to differentiate themselves into the expected mesodermic cell lines but also into ectodermic and endodermic cell lines [ 36 ]. The great body of evidence shows the growing attention paid by researchers and clinicians to stem cells from teeth and other alveolo-dental complex structures of dentition.…”

“…They may even come from inflammatory and infectious processes like periapical cysts, cavities in the dental pulp, and gingival hyperplasia, among others [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Both sets of teeth and their stages at this time constitute a research focus that is tireless, not only due to their accessibility but also because of their practicable availability, such as autologous or allogeneic SC [ 36 ], that facilitates the regeneration of both soft and hard tissues. Additionally, it should be mentioned how easily they can be expanded both in vitro and in vivo and maintain their viability for long periods of time, even after cryopreservation [ 62 ].…”

“…Any of the DMSC types can be isolated by enzyme digestion or placed on growth plates for culture. Next, cells can be classified using a technique to detect specific markers [ 36 ]. The multipotent potential of DMSC is similar to that of bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC), including the capacity to differentiate into cells that have the characteristics of odontoblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, epithelial cells, neural cells, hepatocytes, or adipocytes [ 41 , 42 ].…”

Osteogenic potential of apical papilla stem cells mediated by platelet-rich fibrin and low-level laser

“…These cells express mesenchymal, embryonic, neural, and vascular surface markers. They exhibit immunomodulation properties and multilineage differentiation, making them an important tool for regenerative medicine strategies for dental and other somatic tissues [ 1 ].…”