Characteristics-based marker-in-cell method with conservative finite-differences schemes for modeling geological flows with strongly variable transport properties

Gerya, Taras; Yuen, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2003.09.006

Cited by 457 publications

(411 citation statements)

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“…Under conditions of intense mantle flow in the wedge its rheological non-homogeneity results in spontaneous isolation of various rigid objects described in the following sections. Such phenomena only appear in numerical experiments accounting for the hydration and melting above slabs [Gerya and Yuen, 2003b] and they cannot be observed within the models which have far less physical and chemical complexities [Peacock et al, 2005].…”

Section: Results Of Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] For this set of simulations on an island arc subduction we used 2-D numerical model ( Figure B1) with kinematically prescribed subducting plate and with either static Gerya and Yuen, 2003b] or dynamic [Gerya et al, 2006] hydration of the mantle wedge as described below. In this model oceanic crust consists of a relatively thin (1000 m) heterogeneous layer of marine sediments, an upper 2 km thick sequence of hydrothermally altered basalts (metabasalts), and a lower 5 km section composed largely of gabbroic rocks (Table B1).…”

Section: B2 Initial Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Color code: 1, seawater; 2, sediments; 3, basaltic and gabbroic crust; 4, dry mantle; 5, serpentinized wedge mantle; 6, hydrated wedge mantle; 7, hydrated (quenched) wedge mantle; 8, molten sediments; 9, molten basaltic and gabbroic crust; 10, molten wedge mantle. spontaneously and is treated as an erosion/sedimentation surface which evolves according to transport equation (in Eulerian coordinates) solved at each time-step [Gerya and Yuen, 2003b].…”

Section: B2 Initial Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large‐scale rigid‐body rotation in the mantle wedge and its implications for seismic tomography

Gorczyk

Gerya

Connolly

et al. 2006

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] Using a combined finite difference and marker-in-cell technique, we performed two-dimensional coupled petrological-thermomechanical numerical simulations of intraoceanic subduction. The simulations indicate that parts of the mantle wedge can become trapped between rheologically weak, hydrated, and partially molten upwellings (cold plumes) and the subducting slab. The structures form at various depths and develop circular, elliptic, or irregular shapes. The combined effect of the tractions caused by upwelling and subduction causes these regions to rotate. Our simulations investigate the parameters controlling the occurrence and long-term stability of such rigid, rotating structures. Circular rotating structures like ''subduction wheels'' are characteristic of models with relatively young (20-30 Myr) slabs and intermediate (2-5 cm/yr) subduction rates. We propose that the development of such circular features may explain some of the isolated seismic velocity anomalies in the mantle wedge.

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Section: Results Of Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B2 Initial Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B2 Initial Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large‐scale rigid‐body rotation in the mantle wedge and its implications for seismic tomography

Gorczyk

Gerya

Connolly

et al. 2006

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Our simulations were carried out using SiStER (Simple Stokes solver with Exotic Rheologies), a 2-D finite-difference/particle-incell code (Harlow & Welch 1965;Gerya & Yuen 2003 written in MATLAB R , and based on the methodology of Gerya (2010a). This code relies heavily on MATLAB (built-in) functions and capabilities for vector operations, and achieves computation speeds on par with standard serial compiled language codes.…”

Section: Numerical Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elasticity is therefore critically important in long-term geodynamic simulations that involve faults forming in a sequence and significantly deforming the surrounding lithosphere. Fortunately, viscoelastoplastic codes are becoming widely available to the long-term tectonics community-for example Cundall (1989, FLAC); Gerya & Yuen (2003Gerya 2010a, I2ELVIS and I3ELVIS); Moresi et al (2007, Underworld) ;Dabrowski et al (2008), Kaus (2010, MILAMIN VEP); Choi et al (2008, SNAC;2013, DynEarthSol2D); May et al (2014, pTatin3D).…”

Section: O N C L U D I N G R E M a R K Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of elasticity in simulating long-term tectonic extension

et al. 2016

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S U M M A R YWhile elasticity is a defining characteristic of the Earth's lithosphere, it is often ignored in numerical models of long-term tectonic processes in favour of a simpler viscoplastic description. Here we assess the consequences of this assumption on a well-studied geodynamic problem: the growth of normal faults at an extensional plate boundary. We conduct 2-D numerical simulations of extension in elastoplastic and viscoplastic layers using a finite difference, particle-in-cell numerical approach. Our models simulate a range of faulted layer thicknesses and extension rates, allowing us to quantify the role of elasticity on three key observables: fault-induced topography, fault rotation, and fault life span. In agreement with earlier studies, simulations carried out in elastoplastic layers produce rate-independent lithospheric flexure accompanied by rapid fault rotation and an inverse relationship between fault life span and faulted layer thickness. By contrast, models carried out with a viscoplastic lithosphere produce results that may qualitatively resemble the elastoplastic case, but depend strongly on the product of extension rate and layer viscosity U × η L . When this product is high, fault growth initially generates little deformation of the footwall and hanging wall blocks, resulting in unrealistic, rigid block-offset in topography across the fault. This configuration progressively transitions into a regime where topographic decay associated with flexure is fully accommodated within the numerical domain. In addition, high U × η L favours the sequential growth of multiple short-offset faults as opposed to a large-offset detachment. We interpret these results by comparing them to an analytical model for the fault-induced flexure of a thin viscous plate. The key to understanding the viscoplastic model results lies in the rate-dependence of the flexural wavelength of a viscous plate, and the strain rate dependence of the force increase associated with footwall and hanging wall bending. This behaviour produces unrealistic deformation patterns that can hinder the geological relevance of long-term rifting models that assume a viscoplastic rheology.

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The seismic cycle at subduction thrusts: Insights from seismo‐thermo‐mechanical models

et al. 2013

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[1] The underestimation of the size of recent megathrust earthquakes illustrates our limited understanding of their spatiotemporal occurrence and governing physics. To unravel their relation to associated subduction dynamics and long-term deformation, we developed a 2-D continuum viscoelastoplastic model that uses an Eulerian-Lagrangian finite difference framework with similar on-and off-fault physics. We extend the validation of this numerical tool to a realistic subduction zone setting that resembles Southern Chile. The resulting quasi-periodic pattern of quasi-characteristic M8-M9 megathrust events compares quantitatively with observed recurrence and earthquake source parameters, albeit at very slow coseismic speeds. Without any data fitting, surface displacements agree with GPS data recorded before and during the 2010 M8.8 Maule earthquake, including the presence of a second-order flexural bulge. These surface displacements show cycle-to-cycle variations of slip deficits, which overall accommodate 5% of permanent internal shortening. We find that thermally (and stress) driven creep governs a spontaneous conditionally stable downdip transition zone between temperatures of 350 ı C and 450 ı C. Ruptures initiate above it (and below the forearc Moho), propagate within it, interspersed by small intermittent events, and arrest below it as ductile shearing relaxes stresses. Ruptures typically propagate upward along lithological boundaries and widen as pressures drop. The main thrust is constrained to be weak due to fluid-induced weakening required to sustain regular subduction and to generate events with natural characteristics (fluid pressures of 75-99% of solid pressures). The agreement with a range of seismological, geodetic, and geological observations demonstrates the validity and strength of this physically consistent seismo-thermo-mechanical approach.

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Characteristics-based marker-in-cell method with conservative finite-differences schemes for modeling geological flows with strongly variable transport properties

Cited by 457 publications

References 53 publications

Large‐scale rigid‐body rotation in the mantle wedge and its implications for seismic tomography

Large‐scale rigid‐body rotation in the mantle wedge and its implications for seismic tomography

The role of elasticity in simulating long-term tectonic extension

The seismic cycle at subduction thrusts: Insights from seismo‐thermo‐mechanical models

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