Characteristics and sources of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5 in Dalian, Northeast China: correlation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Li, Zhansheng; Zhao, Hongxia; Li, Xintong; Bekele, Tadiyose Girma

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17688-9

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…We found a strong seasonal relationship with EPFRs, which was largely driven by summer months exhibiting lower EPFR concentrations. A seasonal relationship with EPFRs has previously been shown (31,32). The concentration of EPFRs associated with airborne PM 2.5 in Beijing, China were lower in the summer months, which was attributed to clearing of PM 2.5 by precipitation and the influence of ambient temperature (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The presence of EPFRs in air (31)(32)(33)(34), fly ash (16), soils and sediments (35) and road dust (36) has been previously reported, however household dust is an important medium due to its persistence in households. Children tend to be exposed to toxicants in dust more than adults due to behaviours unique to children such as more time on the floor and hand-to-mouth behaviours (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Environmentally persistent free radicals in household dust: the seasonal and longitudinal trends

Vilcins,

Dangal,

Lomnicki

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective Epidemiological links between air pollution and adverse health outcomes are strong, but the mechanism(s) remain obscure. A newly recognised combustion by-product, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), may be the missing link. EPFRs persist for extended periods of time in the environment, however very little is known about the presence of EPFRs inside homes where prolonged exposure is likely to occur. The objective of this study is to explore the presence of EPFRs in household dust and ascertain if EPFR concentration is stable across time and season. Material and methods The ORChID/ELLF cohort is a longitudinal birth cohort (n=82) with dust samples collected from the family vacuum cleaner at multiple time points. EPFR characteristics were assessed with electron paramagnetic resonance. Our team developed an algorithm to estimate oxygen-weighted concentration and impact score for risk of adverse health outcomes. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Fishers exact tests were used to assess seasonal differences. A simple mixed-effects linear regression, with random intercepts on participant ID, was employed for longitudinal analysis of EPFR concentration in households that did not move. Results 83 participants returned 238 dust samples. EPFRs were measured in virtually all samples. EPFR concentration was stable across visits, when controlling for season and ambient air pollution (p=0.05), Oxygen-weighted EPFRs were also stable. There was a seasonal trend, with concentration (p=<0.01), oxygen weighted concentration (p=<0.01) and g factor (p=0.05) all significantly lower in summer months. Conclusion Our results indicate that the concentration of EPFRs in household dust are stable across time in households that did not move, but the oxygen-centred radicals are more sensitive to changes. These findings suggest that exposure to EPFRs occurs in the home and may be a significant place for exposure to highly biologically reactive EPFRs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Environmentally persistent free radicals in household dust: the seasonal and longitudinal trends

Vilcins,

Dangal,

Lomnicki

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Due to the conversion between electron gain and loss during the degradation process in organic pollutants, EPFRs with strong oxidative activities can be formed, which are a class of chemical substances with significant environmental risks. PAHs are first adsorbed on particles and, under the action of environmental conditions (such as burning and ultraviolet radiation), chemical changes occur and free radicals are generated [ 34 ]. The free radicals interact with inorganic minerals or organic matter, becoming more persistent in the environment and migrating into the environmental medium as aerosols [ 16 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM2.5 and the Influence of Air Pollutants in Shihezi, Northwestern China

He¹,

J²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a kind of hazardous substance that exist stably in the atmosphere for a long time. EPFRs combined with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enter the human respiratory tract through respiration, causing oxidative stress and DNA damage, and they are also closely related to lung cancer. In this study, the inhalation risk for EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk were assessed using the equivalent number of cigarette tar EPFRs. The daily inhalation exposure for EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be equivalent to 0.66–8.40 cigarette tar EPFRs per day. The concentration level and species characteristics were investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The concentration of EPFRs in the study ranged from 1.353–4.653 × 1013 spins/g, and the types of EPFRs were mainly oxygen- or carbon-centered semiquinone-type radicals. Our study showed that there is a strong correlation between the concentrations of EPFRs and conventional pollutants, except for sulfur dioxide. The major factors influencing EPFR concentration in the atmosphere were temperature and wind speed; the higher the temperature and wind speed, the lower the concentration of EPFRs. The findings of this study provide an important basis for further research on the formation mechanism and health effects of EPFRs.

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“…16−18 The concentrations of EPFRs in PM from residential/open sources were reported to be greater than those from typical industrial sources. 19,20 The excessive generation of organic contaminants during solid fuel burning, 21−23 including phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 24 serves as a precursor for EPFRs. 25−27 The decay of EPFRs within PMs alters their chemical structures, influencing their reactivity and toxicity.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PM newly emitted from incomplete solid fuel burning is known to be a great contributor to atmospheric EPFRs. − The concentrations of EPFRs in PM from residential/open sources were reported to be greater than those from typical industrial sources. , The excessive generation of organic contaminants during solid fuel burning, − including phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, serves as a precursor for EPFRs. − The decay of EPFRs within PMs alters their chemical structures, influencing their reactivity and toxicity . However, there is limited information on the modifications in decay patterns and the consequential shifts in the reactivity and toxicity of EPFRs emitted from solid fuel burning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity Decreases with the Decay of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Particulate Matter from Incomplete Solid Fuel Burning

Cheng,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been linked to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adverse health effects. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the dynamic changes in reactivity and toxicity during the decay process of EPFRs emitted from incomplete solid fuel burning, which are identified as a primary source of EPFRs. Here, we report the decay behavior of EPFRs in particulate matter (PM) emitted from typical solid fuel burning and the associated ROS generation and cytotoxic effects. The EPFRs in freshly produced PM first undergo rapid exponential decay with lifetimes ranging from 15 to 97 h and are categorized as fast-decay EPFRs. The relative content of fast-decay EPFRs was 40.5 ± 15.3%, while the remaining portion, defined as slow-decay EPFRs, displayed an extremely slow rate of decay. ROS generation and cytotoxicity decreased by 38.8 ± 11.4% and 62.5 ± 12.6%, respectively, following the depletion of fast-decay EPFRs, which were further demonstrated to be responsible for the variations in PM reactivity and toxicity. These new findings underscore the importance of considering the decay process of EPFRs in assessments of PM toxicity.

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Characteristics and sources of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5 in Dalian, Northeast China: correlation with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Cited by 12 publications

References 48 publications

Environmentally persistent free radicals in household dust: the seasonal and longitudinal trends

Environmentally persistent free radicals in household dust: the seasonal and longitudinal trends

Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM2.5 and the Influence of Air Pollutants in Shihezi, Northwestern China

Toxicity Decreases with the Decay of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in Particulate Matter from Incomplete Solid Fuel Burning

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