Characteristics and Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Iran

Abstract

Background and Aims: The prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) among diabetic patients is less recognized and underdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of LADA in type 2 diabetic patients and to compare the characteristics of these two groups in Torbat-e Heydarieh, Iran.
 Materials and Methods: Totally, 198 male and 277 female patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are aged between 35 -70 years were selected and the glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) assessment was used for the diagnosis of LADA in them. GADA in their sera was measured by commercial anti-GAD enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. In addition, blood pressure, sera C-peptide and cholesterol levels was measured and compared in the mentioned two groups. Demographic data including age, gender, age at diagnosis, family history of diabetes, Body mass index (BMI) and need for insulin therapy were collected from subjects and data were analyzed using SPSS software.
 Results: Of 475 patients, 53 ones (11.2%) were GADA positive. Significant difference was found between GADA positive and GADA negative patients in terms of mean age, C-peptide levels, cholesterol levels and need for insulin therapy to control the disease. As for gender, family history of diabetes, BMI value and hypertension there was no significant correlation between these two groups.
 Conclusion: The prevalence of LADA in diabetic patients was 11.2%. Presence of GAD antibodies in diabetic patients is related to reduced levels of C-peptide, increased cholesterol levels and the need for insulin during the follow-up.

Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adult Based on the Presence of GAD 65 Antibodies in North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

“…A small sample size (77 patients) in this study as compared with a few of the studies where the research was done on larger sample sizes. 13 23 24 25…”

Prevalence of Islet Cell Autoantibodies in Adult Patients Followed for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Study

“…Patients Followed for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-sectional Study "insulitis", pancreatic β cells lose their ability to secrete insulin and gradually lose their function 8,14 ; finally making most of these patients insulin-dependent. 18,19 The presence of islet autoantibodies may illustrate the contribution of insulitis to the gradual disruption of β-cell function. Therefore, islet-associated antibodies are thought to be key factors in immune system strain rather than pathogens in islet cell destruction.…”

“…Overweight is defined as the BMI rate of 25 to 29.9, and obesity is defined as the BMI rate of 30 or higher. 27 Blood pressure was measured by the standard method mentioned previously 19 . People with mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg, or those taking antihypertensive drugs were defined as having high blood pressure.…”

“…People with mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mm Hg, or those taking antihypertensive drugs were defined as having high blood pressure. 19…”

“…3,28 Given the size and population of Iran and its racial diversity, so far few studies have been conducted on the prevalence of the adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in Iran. Moreover, most of the studies have only investigated the prevalence of GAD autoantibody, 19,35,36 with very few ones studying the prevalence of ICA, as well. 20 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate adultonset autoimmune diabetes in South Khorasan province, Iran, using ICA biomarker.…”