Characteristics and oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing: Source apportionment and seasonal variation

Yu, ShuangYu; Liu, Weijian; Xu, Yi; Yi, Kan; Zhou, Ming; Tao, Shu

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.021

Cited by 155 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Results of these studies related to Saharan and Arabian dust are not consistent with ours. In contrast, our results are consistent with a source apportionment study (Yu et al, ) conducted at Beijing, China, which implicated the mineral dust as a dominant source (~40%) of DTT v of water‐soluble PM 2.5 in Beijing in spring. Asian dust particles might have some characteristics causing the high oxidative potential of PM during Asian dust events.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events

et al. 2019

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Oxidative potential is an important property of particulate matter (PM) that has been regarded as a more health‐relevant metric than PM mass. We investigated the oxidative potential of size‐segregated PM and effects of Asian dust events in Fukuoka, western Japan. Aerosol particles with diameters smaller and larger than 2.5 μm (fine and coarse particles, respectively) were collected continually from 16 March through 26 May 2016. The oxidative potential was analyzed using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay; chemical components of PM were also found. Air‐volume normalized oxidative potential quantified by DTT assay (DTTv) was significantly higher during Asian dust events than during nondust‐event days. The mean DTTv of fine and coarse particles during Asian dust events were, respectively, 1.5 and 2.7 times higher than that during nonevent days. DTTv of fine particles was highly correlated with elements dominated by anthropogenic combustion sources and with the elements emitted from multiple sources including mineral dust and combustion sources. DTTv of coarse particles strongly correlated with the mineral dust derived elements, suggesting concentration of mineral dust particles as an important controlling factor especially for the oxidative potential of the coarse particles. We estimated the contributions of water‐soluble transition metals to the oxidative potential of PM. Water‐soluble transition metals (mainly Cu and Mn) can explain only approximately 37% and 60% of the measured oxidative potential of fine and coarse particles, respectively, suggesting substantial contributions of aerosol components other than water‐soluble transition metals such as quinones and insoluble minerals.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events

et al. 2019

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“…Levoglucosan and mannosan are uniquely emitted by biomass burning activities (Engling et al, 2006;Feng et al, 2013), thereby serving as reliable source tracers to indicate biomass burning in source analysis (Wang et al, 2019;Bond et al, 2007). In comparison, it is well documented that elemental potassium (K) suffers from potential interferential sources such as dust and firework emissions (Yu et al, 2019). The source profile of the biomass burning factor also contains high loadings of five-ring and six-ring PAHs that are considered to be derived from mixed combustion sources (including coal combustion and biomass burning; Fig.…”

Section: Mm-pmf Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source apportionment of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Shanghai based on hourly organic molecular markers and other source tracers

Li¹,

Wang

et al. 2020

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Identification of various emission sources and quantification of their contributions comprise an essential step in formulating scientifically sound pollution control strategies. Most previous studies have been based on traditional offline filter analysis of aerosol major components (usually inorganic ions, elemental carbon – EC, organic carbon – OC, and elements). In this study, source apportionment of PM2.5 using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was conducted for urban Shanghai in the Yangtze River Delta region, China, utilizing a large suite of molecular and elemental tracers, together with water-soluble inorganic ions, OC, and EC from measurements conducted at two sites from 9 November to 3 December 2018. The PMF analysis with inclusion of molecular makers (i.e., MM-PMF) identified 11 pollution sources, including 3 secondary-source factors (i.e., secondary sulfate; secondary nitrate; and secondary organic aerosol, SOA, factors) and 8 primary sources (i.e., vehicle exhaust, industrial emission and tire wear, industrial emission II, residual oil combustion, dust, coal combustion, biomass burning, and cooking). The secondary sources contributed 62.5 % of the campaign-average PM2.5 mass, with the secondary nitrate factor being the leading contributor. Cooking was a minor contributor (2.8 %) to PM2.5 mass while a significant contributor (11.4 %) to the OC mass. Traditional PMF analysis relying on major components alone (PMFt) was unable to resolve three organics-dominated sources (i.e., biomass burning, cooking, and SOA source factors). Utilizing organic tracers, the MM-PMF analysis determined that these three sources combined accounted for 24.4 % of the total PM2.5 mass. In PMFt, this significant portion of PM mass was apportioned to other sources and thereby was notably biasing the source apportionment outcome. Backward trajectory and episodic analysis were performed on the MM-PMF-resolved source factors to examine the variations in source origins and composition. It was shown that under all episodes, secondary nitrate and the SOA factor were two major source contributors to the PM2.5 pollution. Our work has demonstrated that comprehensive hourly data of molecular markers and other source tracers, coupled with MM-PMF, enables examination of detailed pollution source characteristics, especially organics-dominated sources, at a timescale suitable for monitoring episodic evolution and with finer source breakdown.

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“…However, a more recent study conducted in the coastal areas adjacent to Beijing observed similar seasonality to the present study in the DTTm OP response. Vehicle emissions (Wang et al, 2016;Yu et al, 2019), coal combustion (Ma et al, 2018;Yu et al, 2019), biomass burning (Ma et al, 2018) and dust (Yu et al, 2019) sources have been shown in other studies using PMF models to contribute to OPv in Beijing, all using the DTT assay. Cooking markers (palmitic acid, stearic acid and cholesterol) contributed a substantial proportion of the known organic fraction of the PM mass and volume concentrations (see Figure 4), but did not contribute robustly to the modelled OP response for either normalisation type, suggesting they are either not strongly contributing to or affected by oxidative conditions in PM, or that their variation over the sampling period cannot be linearly modelled.…”

Section: Multiple Linear Regression (Mlr) Modelling To Predict Opm Asmentioning

confidence: 71%

Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM<sub>2.5</sub> oxidative potential in Beijing, China

Campbell¹,

Wolfer²,

Utinger³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Epidemiological studies have consistently linked exposure to PM2.5 with adverse health effects. The oxidative potential (OP) of aerosol particles has been widely suggested as a measure of their potential toxicity. Several acellular chemical assays are now readily employed to measure OP, however, uncertainty remains regarding the atmospheric conditions and specific chemical components of PM2.5 that drive OP. A limited number of studies have simultaneously utilised multiple OP assays with a wide range of concurrent measurements and investigated the seasonality of PM2.5 OP. In this work, filter samples were collected in winter 2016 and summer 2017 during the atmospheric pollution and human health in a Chinese megacity (APHH-Beijing) campaign, and PM2.5 OP was analysed using four acellular methods; ascorbic acid (AA), dithiothreitol (DTT), 2-7-dichlorofluoroscin/hydrogen peroxidase (DCFH) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Positive correlations of OP normalised per volume of air of all four assays with overall PM2.5 mass was observed, with stronger correlations in the winter compared to the summer. In contrast, when OP assay values were normalised for particle mass, days with higher PM2.5 mass concentrations (μg m−3) were found to have lower intrinsic mass-normalised OP values as measured by AA and DTT. This indicates that total PM2.5 mass concentrations alone might not always be the best indicator for particle toxicity. Univariate analysis of OP values and an extensive range of additional measurements, 107 in total, including PM2.5 composition, gas phase composition and meteorological data, provides detailed insight into chemical components or atmospheric processes that determine PM2.5 OP variability. Multivariate statistical analyses highlighted associations of OP assay responses with varying chemical components in PM2.5 for both mass- and volume-normalised data. Variable selection was used to produce subsets of measurements indicative of PM2.5 sources, and used to model OP response; AA and DTT assays were well predicted by small panels of measurements, and indicated fossil fuel combustion processes, vehicle emissions and biogenic SOA as most influential in the assay response. Through comparative analysis of both mass- and volume-normalised data we demonstrate the importance of also considering mass-normalised OP when correlating with particle composition measurements, which provides a more nuanced picture of compositional drivers and sources of OP compared to volume-normalised analysis, and which may be more useful in temporal and site comparative contexts.

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Characteristics and oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing: Source apportionment and seasonal variation

Cited by 155 publications

References 56 publications

Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events

Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events

Source apportionment of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Shanghai based on hourly organic molecular markers and other source tracers

Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM<sub>2.5</sub> oxidative potential in Beijing, China

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Characteristics and oxidative potential of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing: Source apportionment and seasonal variation

Cited by 155 publications

References 56 publications

Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events

Dithiothreitol‐Measured Oxidative Potential of Size‐Segregated Particulate Matter in Fukuoka, Japan: Effects of Asian Dust Events

Source apportionment of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; in Shanghai based on hourly organic molecular markers and other source tracers

Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; oxidative potential in Beijing, China

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Source apportionment of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Shanghai based on hourly organic molecular markers and other source tracers

Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM<sub>2.5</sub> oxidative potential in Beijing, China