Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Complex TiN Inclusions in 20CrMnTi Gear Steel

Li, Yao; Cheng, Guoguang; Lu, Junqiang; Sun, Jun

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2022-187

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…According to our previous study results, 2,27) the area ratio of wrapping sulfide and core oxide was used to reflect the growth ability of MnS on oxide. Fig.…”

Section: Area Ratios Of Duplex (Camn)s Inclusions In Bloom and Barmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth Behavior of MnS on CaO–MgO–Al2O3 Oxide in Al-killed Ca-treated Resulfurized Steel

Yao

Cheng

et al. 2023

ISIJ Int.

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The addition of Ca is a useful method to control the shape of sulfides in steel.In this paper, in order to identify growth behavior of MnS on CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 oxides in steel, based on two heats of Al-killed Ca-treated resulfurized steel, the characteristics of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions in bars and blooms were observed and analyzed. It is found that there are three types of duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions with CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 core oxides, named as Type-C, Type-MC and Type-M, respectively. In bar, Type-C behaves circular shape, Type-MC behaves spindle shape, and Type-M behaves long strip shape. From Type-C to Type-M, CaO or MgO content in core oxides decreases, Al 2 O 3 content in core oxides increases, sizes of core oxides decrease, and the area ratios of wrapping sulfides and core oxides increase. Growth of MnS on CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 oxides are influenced by the sizes and compositions of oxides. MnS inclusions are easier to grow on CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 oxides with smaller sizes, lower CaO content, lower MgO content or higher Al 2 O 3 content. In order to obtain more spindle-shaped duplex (Ca,Mn)S inclusions, appropriate compositions of core oxides are 5~20% CaO, 5% MgO and 75~90% Al 2 O 3 , and appropriate sizes of core oxides are 1~3μm.

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“…According to our previous study results, 2,27) the area ratio of wrapping sulfide and core oxide was used to reflect the growth ability of MnS on oxide. Fig.…”

Section: Area Ratios Of Duplex (Camn)s Inclusions In Bloom and Barmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature of the solidification interface 40) , liquidus and solidus temperature are calculated using Equation ( 8)- (10). 25,27,31) The slope of liquidus and solidus temperature of each solute element in the pseudobinary Fe-i phase diagram are shown in Table 3.…”

Section: Relationship Of Size Between Duplex (Camn)s Inclusion and Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Behavior of MnS on CaO–MgO–Al2O3 Oxide in Al-killed Ca-treated Resulfurized Steel

Yao

Cheng

et al. 2023

ISIJ Int.

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“…20CrMnTi has good hardenability and high impact toughness at low temperatures and is widely used in the gear manufacturing industry [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Zhang et al [ 5 ] have conducted an experimental study on the fatigue performance of 20CrMnTi and found that the fatigue life of 20CrMnTi is 3 × 10 6 under the condition of experimental load of 100KN.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang et al [5] have conducted an experimental study on the fatigue performance of 20CrMnTi and found that the fatigue life of 20CrMnTi is 3 × 10 6 under the condition of experimental load of 100KN. Table 1 shows the inclusion size statistics in 20CrMnTi in the literature [6][7][8]. In order to improve the mechanical properties of 20CrMnTi, microalloying elements such as Ti are often added during smelting [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Influences of Adding Rare Earth Ce on the Precipitation Behaviors of TiN Inclusions in 20CrMnTi

et al. 2023

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The morphologies and sizes of TiN inclusions in gear steel 20CrMnTi have a significant impact on its service performance. This paper selects rare earth Ce to modify TiN inclusions in 20CrMnTi. The inclusions are analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscope), EBSD (electron back-scattered diffraction), EDS (energy disperse spectroscopy), and OTS statistical software, and Thermo-Calc software is used to calculate the inclusion formations. The inclusions of MgAlO4-Ce and CeAlO3 can be formed when rare earth Ce is added into 20CrMnTi, which becomes TiN nucleation core after precipitation. Without the addition of rare earth Ce, square TiN inclusions ranging from 2 to 5 μm account for 60% of the total inclusions in 20CrMnTi. After adding rare earth Ce, the TiN inclusions in 20CrMnTiCe account for 36.7% of the total inclusions. Due to the new phase formations of MgAlO4-TiN and CeAlO3-TiN with sizes less than 2 μm, the titanium-containing inclusions are refined. Fatigue tests are conducted on the steels before and after the addition of Ce. The average fatigue lives of 20CrMnTi do not reach 107 times, and the deviations between the maximum and minimum fatigue lives are great. Large-sized TiN are the main inclusions that affect the fatigue performance of 20CrMnTi. The average fatigue lives of 20CrMnTiCe exceed 107 times, and the deviations of the fatigue lives are smaller than those of 20CrMnTi.

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“…In the context of global climate change and rapid urbanisation, urban flooding due to heavy rainfall is a frequent occurrence [1]. And as people and property continue to congregate in built-up areas, the damage caused by flooding under a storm of the same magnitude is greater than ever [2]. For example, in July 2021, the city of Zhengzhou was hit by a once-in-a-millennium rainstorm, resulting in direct losses of 40.9 billion yuan and 380 deaths and disappearances, and on 22 May 2020, Guangzhou was hit by a very heavy rainstorm that caused extensive flooding throughout the city, resulting in direct economic losses of over 10 billion yuan and 4 deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Different Design Rainfall Pattern Peak Factors on Urban Flooding

Chen

Zhang

2023

Water

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In order to investigate the influence of different design rainfall peaks on urban flooding characteristics based on the MIKE hydrodynamic model, the inundation process scenarios were extrapolated for different recurrence periods and three single- and double-peak rainfall types in Zhoukou city as an example, and the equivalent values of total inundation and inundation area were compared and analysed. The results show that bimodal rainfall has a higher risk of inundation than unimodal rainfall for the same rainfall ephemeris and return period. For unimodal rainfall, when the return period is less than 20 years, the more advanced the rainfall peak, the more severe the design rainfall inundation. When the return period is greater than 20 years, the further back the rainfall peak, the more severe the inundation of the design rainfall. The difference between the risk of inundation due to single- and double-peaked rainfall decreases as the return period increases.

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Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Complex TiN Inclusions in 20CrMnTi Gear Steel

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Growth Behavior of MnS on CaO–MgO–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Oxide in Al-killed Ca-treated Resulfurized Steel

Growth Behavior of MnS on CaO–MgO–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Oxide in Al-killed Ca-treated Resulfurized Steel

Study on the Influences of Adding Rare Earth Ce on the Precipitation Behaviors of TiN Inclusions in 20CrMnTi

Impact of Different Design Rainfall Pattern Peak Factors on Urban Flooding

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